Levetiracetam-induced pediatric toxic epidermal necrolysis successfully treated with etanercept.

Successful management of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) with tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors has been described in adults, but few cases have been reported in children. To date, only four pediatric cases of TEN treated with infliximab and one with etanercept have been published. We present the case of an 8-year-old boy diagnosed with TEN induced by levetiracetam, successfully treated with etanercept, systemic corticosteroids, and intravenous immunoglobulin.

The relationship between height and economic development in Spain, 1850-1958.

We investigate the relationship between height and some economic-development indicators in modern Spain by means of a recently constructed times series of data on conscripts. We estimate a Vector Autoregressive Equilibrium Correction Model (VECqM) to quantify the height and GDP per capita response to various living-standard indicators. We observe that conditions that perpetuate an elevated level of sickness and mortality and that raise the relative price of consumption goods tend to impede human growth, as reflected in a decline in average adult height, whereas factors that promote the purchase of health services and that help to open up the economy to international trade and ideas have tended to have an opposite effect from the 1850s onward.