Influence of the spray adjuvant on the toxicity effects of a glyphosate formulation.

In the present study, the influence of the spray adjuvant on the toxicity effects of a glyphosate formulation was examined in HEp-2 cell line. We determined the median lethal concentration (LC50) of Atanor® (glyphosate formulation), Impacto® (spray adjuvant) and the mixture of both agrochemicals. We also compared the toxicities of the pesticides individually and in mixture and we analyzed the effects on oxidative balance from each treatment.

Glyphosate commercial formulation causes cytotoxicity, oxidative effects, and apoptosis on human cells: differences with its active ingredient.

In the present study, the effects on oxidative balance and cellular end points of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and a glyphosate formulation (G formulation) were examined in HepG2 cell line, at dilution levels far below agricultural recommendations. Our results show that G formulation had toxic effects while no effects were found with acid glyphosate and AMPA treatments. Glyphosate formulation exposure produced an increase in reactive oxygen species, nitrotyrosine formation, superoxide dismutase activity, and glutathione (GSH) levels, while no effects were observed for catalase and GSH-S-transferase activities.

Effects of sewage discharges on lipid and fatty acid composition of the Patagonian bivalve Diplodon chilensis.

Lipid and fatty acid (FA) composition and selected oxidative stress parameters of freshwater clams (Dipolodon chilensis), from a sewage-polluted (SMA) and a clean site, were compared. Trophic markers FA were analyzed in clams and sediment. Saturated FA (SAFA), and bacteria and sewage markers were abundant in SMA sediments, while diatom markers were 50% lower.

Effect of seasonality on oxidative stress responses and metal accumulation in soft tissues of Aulacomya atra, a mussel from the South Atlantic Patagonian coast.

This study investigated the effects of pollution and its interaction with temperature on the oxidative status of the ribbed mussel Aulacomya atra in the southern Atlantic Patagonian coast. Animals were collected from four sites with different degree and type of human activity impact, during the summer and winter of 2011. Seawater chromium, copper, manganese, nickel and zinc concentrations were measured, as well as metal accumulation, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, reduced glutathione levels, and enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase in gills and digestive glands.

Cholinesterases and neurotoxicity as highly sensitive biomarkers for an organophosphate insecticide in a freshwater gastropod (Chilina gibbosa) with low sensitivity carboxylesterases.

In the Upper Valley of Río Negro and Río Neuquén in Argentina, agriculture represents the second most important economic activity. Azinphos-methyl has been found in water from this region throughout the year at a maximum concentration of 22.48 μg L(-1) during the application period.

Direct and indirect effects of the glyphosate formulation Glifosato Atanor® on freshwater microbial communities.

Glyphosate-based formulations are among the most widely used herbicides in the world. The effect of the formulation Glifosato Atanor(®) on freshwater microbial communities (phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, periphyton and zooplankton) was assessed through a manipulative experiment using six small outdoor microcosms of small volume. Three of the microcosms were added with 3.

Oxidative damage and antioxidant response of Allium cepa meristematic and elongation cells exposed to metronidazole.

The toxicity of metronidazole (MTZ) in meristematic and elongation zones of Allium cepa roots was analyzed for 30 h of exposition. Toxic effects were evaluated by lipid peroxidation (content of thiobarbituric-reactive substances [TBARS]), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, ascorbate acid and dehydroascorbate acid content, and enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. The root zones showed differentiated susceptibility to MTZ.

Oxidative stress and histological alterations produced by dietary copper in the fresh water bivalve Diplodon chilensis.

The aim of this work was to study the oxidative stress effects and histological alterations caused by dietary copper on the filter-feeding freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis. Bivalves were fed during 6 weeks with the green algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus previously exposed to copper. Metal concentration in algae cultures and bivalve digestive gland was measured by TXRF.

Dietary copper effects in the estuarine crab, Neohelice (Chasmagnathus) granulata, maintained at two different salinities.

We analyzed the dietary copper effects in the estuarine crab Neohelice (Chasmagnathus) granulata and its interaction with water salinity. Crabs were maintained at 2 per thousand and 30 per thousand salinity for 5 weeks and they were fed with commercial food supplemented with the green alga Scenedesmus vacuolatus previously exposed to copper. No mortalities were observed, but crabs maintained at 2 per thousand salinity accumulated on average 40% more copper compared to animals maintained at 30 per thousand salinity.

Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in two green microalgae exposed to copper.

The aim of this work was to assess the effects of 1 week copper exposure (6.2, 108, 210 and 414microM) on Scenedesmus vacuolatus and Chlorella kessleri. The strains showed different susceptibility to copper.

Thyroid hormone effect in human hepatocytes.

We have already demonstrated that a combined treatment of methimazole and an antioxidant mixture improved the condition of hyperthyroid patients both biochemically and clinically. Elevated thyroid hormone levels might trigger signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism through the increase of free radicals. To study the direct effect of thyroid hormone on cellular markers of oxidative stress, we carried out in vitro assays in which 0.

Studies on uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase from Chlorella kessleri (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta).

Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UroD) (EC 4.1.1.

Toxicity of hexachlorobenzene and its transference from microalgae (Chlorella kessleri) to crabs (Chasmagnathus granulatus).

The aim of this work was to study the transference of hexachlorobenzene from a green alga (Chlorella kessleri) to an estuary crab (Chasmagnathus granulatus), and to analyze the toxic effects that the xenobiotic has on the latter. The effect of hexachlorobenzene uptake was evaluated measuring oxidative stress, Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity and morphometric parameter alteration, and also performing a histological analysis of crab hepatopancreas. Results demonstrated that hexachlorobenzene enters the alga, is accumulated in it, and then transferred into the crab, causing a decrease in Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity in both organisms.

Effect of chromium on the fatty acid composition of two strains of Euglena gracilis.

The effect of hexavalent chromium on fatty acid composition was studied in two strains of Euglena gracilis; UTEX 753 (from the Culture Collection of Algae of Texas University, USA) and MAT (isolated from a highly polluted River). Both were grown in photoauxotrophic and photoheterotrophic conditions and exposed to two metal concentrations, one below and one above IC50. The high malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (3 to 7-fold) obtained with chromium concentration above IC50, suggested the existence of metal-induced lipid peroxidation.

Abnormal kinetic behavior of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase obtained from rats with hexachlorobenzene-induced porphyria.

Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase is an essential enzyme in all organisms and functions in the heme biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing the decarboxylation of the four acetate groups of uroporphyrinogen to form coproporphyrinogen. This work examines whether the four sequential decarboxylations occur at the same active site, and explores whether hexachlorobenzene-induced porphyria affects the behavior of the enzyme. For this purpose, kinetic competition studies were done with mixtures of uroporphyrinogen III and pentacarboxyporphyrinogen III.

Antioxidants and methimazole in the treatment of Graves' disease: effect on urinary malondialdehyde levels.

Background: We have postulated that metabolic oxidation could be the source of signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The present study was designed to evaluate urinary malondialdehyde levels in Graves' disease and compare this oxidative stress biomarker with the clinical evolution of patients suffering this illness.

Methods: We evaluated the concentration of urinary and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) in 36 patients with Graves' disease.