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<PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">36051539</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2022</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>07</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">2297-1769</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>9</Volume><PubDate><Year>2022</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Frontiers in veterinary science</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Front Vet Sci</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Impact of orange essential oil on enteric methane emissions of heifers fed bermudagrass hay.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><StartPage>863910</StartPage><MedlinePgn>863910</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">863910</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3389/fvets.2022.863910</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>In this study, the effects of orange essential oil (OEO) on the rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions of beef heifers fed a diet of bermudagrass (<i>Cynodon dactylon</i>) were examined. In addition, <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in situ</i> experiments were conducted. The <i>in vitro</i> experiment consisted of three treatments: control (CTL, no OEO), OEO1 (0.25% OEO), and OEO2 (0.5% OEO). The forage to concentrate ratio was 70:30 (dry matter [DM] basis) in all treatments. No changes in pH, proportions of volatile fatty acids, and the acetate:propionate ratio were observed (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.05). The addition of 0.25% OEO resulted in a reduction in CH<sub>4</sub> production (mL/g) relative to the control (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). In the <i>in situ</i> experiment, 5 g of total mixed ration (CTL, OEO1, and OEO2) were incubated for 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Potential and effective degradability were not affected by OEO supplementation (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.05). In the <i>in vivo</i> study, six crossbred beef heifers (<i>Bos indicus</i> &#xd7; <i>Bos taurus</i>), fitted with rumen cannulas, were assigned to three different treatments: no additive (CTL), 0.25% OEO (OEO1), and 0.5% OEO (OEO2) in a replicated 3 &#xd7; 3 Latin square (21-day periods). Heifers were fed at 2.8% body weight. <i>In vivo</i> CH<sub>4</sub> production was measured in open-circuit respiration chambers. Reductions in gross energy consumption, apparent total tract digestibility, and rumen valerate concentration were observed for OEO2 compared to the control (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Additionally, decreases in CH<sub>4</sub> emissions (g/day; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) and CH<sub>4</sub> (MJ gross energy intake/day; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) were observed in response to supplementation of 0.5% OEO as compared to the CTL treatment. Thus, supplementation of 0.5% OEO reduced CH<sub>4</sub> emissions (g/day) by 12% without impacting the DM intake of heifers fed bermudagrass hay as a basal ration.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright &#xa9; 2022 Jim&#xe9;nez-Ocampo, Montoya-Flores, Pamanes-Carrasco, Herrera-Torres, Arango, Estarr&#xf3;n-Espinosa, Aguilar-P&#xe9;rez, Araiza-Rosales, Guerrero-Cervantes and Ku-Vera.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jim&#xe9;nez-Ocampo</LastName><ForeName>Rafael</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Climate Change and Livestock Production, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, M&#xe9;rida, Yucatan, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock-INIFAP, Experimental Field Valle del Guadiana, Durango, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Montoya-Flores</LastName><ForeName>Mar&#xed;a D</ForeName><Initials>MD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Center for Disciplinary Research in Physiology and Animal Breeding, National Institute for Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research-INIFAP, Queretaro, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pamanes-Carrasco</LastName><ForeName>Gerardo</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Silviculture and Wood Industry, National Council of Science and Technology-Durango State Juarez University, Durango, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Herrera-Torres</LastName><ForeName>Esperanza</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Technology of Mexico, Technological Institute of Valle del Guadiana, Durango, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Arango</LastName><ForeName>Jacobo</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Tropical Forage Program-International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Palmira, Colombia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Estarr&#xf3;n-Espinosa</LastName><ForeName>Mirna</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Food Technology Unit, Centro de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Asistencia en Tecnolog&#xed;a y Dise&#xf1;o del Estado de Jalisco, Jalisco, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aguilar-P&#xe9;rez</LastName><ForeName>Carlos F</ForeName><Initials>CF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Climate Change and Livestock Production, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, M&#xe9;rida, Yucatan, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Araiza-Rosales</LastName><ForeName>Elia E</ForeName><Initials>EE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Animal Nutrition, National Council of Science and Technology-Durango State Juarez University, Durango, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Guerrero-Cervantes</LastName><ForeName>Maribel</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Small Ruminant Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Durango State Juarez University, Durango, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ku-Vera</LastName><ForeName>Juan C</ForeName><Initials>JC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Climate Change and Livestock Production, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, M&#xe9;rida, Yucatan, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>16</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Front Vet Sci</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101666658</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2297-1769</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">cattle</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">enteric methane</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">essential oil</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">feed additive</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">plant secondary metabolites</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2022</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>27</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2022</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>26</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>2</Day><Hour>2</Hour><Minute>33</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pmc-release"><Year>2022</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>1</Day></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">36051539</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC9424680</ArticleId><ArticleId 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Chitosan (CHI) is a polysaccharide with antimicrobial capability against protozoa and Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, and yeasts while naringin (NA) is a flavonoid with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. First, an in vitro gas production experiment was performed adding 0, 1.5, 3.0 g/kg of CHI and NA under a completely randomized design. The substrate containing forage and concentrate in a 70:30 ratio on a dry matter (DM) basis. Compounds increased the concentration of propionic acid, and a significant reduction in methane production was observed with the inclusion of CHI at 1.5 g/kg in in vitro experiments (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). In a dry matter rumen degradability study for 96 h, there were no differences in potential and effective degradability. In the in vivo study, six crossbred heifers fitted with rumen cannulas were assigned to a 6 &#xd7; 6 Latin square design according to the following treatments: control (CTL), no additive; chitosan (CHI1, 1.5 g/kg DMI); (CHI2, 3.0 g/kg DMI); naringin (NA1, 1.5 g/kg DMI); (NA2, 3.0 g/kg DMI) and a mixture of CHI and NA (1.5 + 1.5 g/kg DMI) given directly through the rumen cannula. Additives did not affect rumen fermentation (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05), DM intake and digestibility of (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05), and enteric methane emissions (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). CHI at a concentration of 1.5 g/kg DM in in vitro experiments had a positive effect on fermentation pattern increasing propionate and reduced methane production. In contrast, in the in vivo studies, there was not a positive effect on rumen fermentation, nor in enteric methane production in crossbred heifers fed a basal ration of tropical grass.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jim&#xe9;nez-Ocampo</LastName><ForeName>Rafael</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-2171-1357</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute for Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research-INIFAP, Experimental Field Valle del Guadiana, Durango C.P. 34170, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Montoya-Flores</LastName><ForeName>Mar&#xed;a Denisse</ForeName><Initials>MD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Center for Disciplinary Research in Physiology and Animal Breeding, National Institute for Forestry, Crops, and Livestock Research-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ajuchitlan C.P. 76280, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Herrera-Torres</LastName><ForeName>Esperanza</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Technologic of Mexico, Technological Institute of Valle del Guadiana, Durango C.P. 34371, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>P&#xe1;manes-Carrasco</LastName><ForeName>Gerardo</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Silviculture and Wood Industry, National Council of Science and Technology-Durango State Juarez University, Durango CP 34126, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Arceo-Castillo</LastName><ForeName>Jeyder Israel</ForeName><Initials>JI</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Valencia-Salazar</LastName><ForeName>Sara Stephanie</ForeName><Initials>SS</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-0640-608X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of the Southern Border (ECOSUR), Livestock and Environment, San Cristobal de las Casas C.P. 29290, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Arango</LastName><ForeName>Jacobo</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Palmira C.P. 763537, Colombia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aguilar-P&#xe9;rez</LastName><ForeName>Carlos Fernando</ForeName><Initials>CF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ram&#xed;rez-Avil&#xe9;s</LastName><ForeName>Luis</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3340-8558</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Solorio-S&#xe1;nchez</LastName><ForeName>Francisco Javier</ForeName><Initials>FJ</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-1384-8639</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pi&#xf1;eiro-V&#xe1;zquez</LastName><ForeName>&#xc1;ngel Trinidad</ForeName><Initials>&#xc1;T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Technologic of Mexico, Technological Institute of Conkal, Conkal C.P. 97345, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ku-Vera</LastName><ForeName>Juan Carlos</ForeName><Initials>JC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>a</GrantID><Agency>Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers</Agency><Country/></Grant><Grant><GrantID>a</GrantID><Agency>Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security</Agency><Country/></Grant><Grant><GrantID>Round 4</GrantID><Agency>Climate Food and Farming Global Research Alliance Scholarships</Agency><Country/></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>28</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Animals (Basel)</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101635614</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2076-2615</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">additive</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">antimicrobial action</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">chitin</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">flavonoid</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">greenhouse gases</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors declare no conflict of interest. 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Methane is a greenhouse gas which is eructated in large volumes by ruminants grazing extensive grasslands in the tropical regions of the world. Enteric methane is the largest contributor to the emissions of greenhouse gases originating from animal agriculture. A large variety of plants containing secondary metabolites [essential oils (terpenoids), tannins, saponins, and flavonoids] have been evaluated as cattle feedstuffs and changes in volatile fatty acid proportions and methane synthesis in the rumen have been assessed. Alterations to the rumen microbiome may lead to changes in diversity, composition, and structure of the methanogen community. Legumes containing condensed tannins such as <i>Leucaena leucocephala</i> have shown a good methane mitigating effect when fed at levels of up to 30-35% of ration dry matter in cattle as a result of the effect of condensed tannins on rumen bacteria and methanogens. It has been shown that saponins disrupt the membrane of rumen protozoa, thus decreasing the numbers of both protozoa and methanogenic archaea. Trials carried out with cattle housed in respiration chambers have demonstrated the enteric methane mitigation effect in cattle and sheep of tropical legumes such as <i>Enterolobium cyclocarpum</i> and <i>Samanea saman</i> which contain saponins. Essential oils are volatile constituents of terpenoid or non-terpenoid origin which impair energy metabolism of archaea and have shown reductions of up to 26% in enteric methane emissions in ruminants. There is emerging evidence showing the potential of flavonoids as methane mitigating compounds, but more work is required <i>in vivo</i> to confirm preliminary findings. From the information hereby presented, it is clear that plant secondary metabolites can be a rational approach to modulate the rumen microbiome and modify its function, some species of rumen microbes improve protein and fiber degradation and reduce feed energy loss as methane in ruminants fed tropical plant species.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright &#xa9; 2020 Ku-Vera, Jim&#xe9;nez-Ocampo, Valencia-Salazar, Montoya-Flores, Molina-Botero, Arango, G&#xf3;mez-Bravo, Aguilar-P&#xe9;rez and Solorio-S&#xe1;nchez.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ku-Vera</LastName><ForeName>Juan Carlos</ForeName><Initials>JC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Climate Change and Livestock Production, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, M&#xe9;rida, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jim&#xe9;nez-Ocampo</LastName><ForeName>Rafael</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Climate Change and Livestock Production, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, M&#xe9;rida, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute for Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research-INIFAP, Experimental Field Valle del Guadiana, Durango, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Valencia-Salazar</LastName><ForeName>Sara Stephanie</ForeName><Initials>SS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of the Southern Border (ECOSUR), Livestock and Environment, San Crist&#xf3;bal de las Casas, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Montoya-Flores</LastName><ForeName>Mar&#xed;a Denisse</ForeName><Initials>MD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Center for Disciplinary Research in Physiology and Animal Breeding, National Institute for Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research-INIFAP, Ajuchitlan, Queretaro, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Molina-Botero</LastName><ForeName>Isabel Cristina</ForeName><Initials>IC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, National Agrarian University La Molina, Lima, Peru.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Arango</LastName><ForeName>Jacobo</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>G&#xf3;mez-Bravo</LastName><ForeName>Carlos Alfredo</ForeName><Initials>CA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, National Agrarian University La Molina, Lima, Peru.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aguilar-P&#xe9;rez</LastName><ForeName>Carlos Fernando</ForeName><Initials>CF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Climate Change and Livestock Production, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, M&#xe9;rida, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Solorio-S&#xe1;nchez</LastName><ForeName>Francisco Javier</ForeName><Initials>FJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Climate Change and Livestock Production, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, M&#xe9;rida, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>27</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Front Vet Sci</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101666658</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2297-1769</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">essential oils</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">flavonoids</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">methane</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">ruminants</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">saponins</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">tannins</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>9</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>21</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>16</Day><Hour>8</Hour><Minute>55</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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Four heifers were used in a 4 &#xd7; 4 Latin square design consisting of four periods and four levels of inclusion of DLL: 0%, 12%, 24%, and 36% of dry matter (DM) intake. Results showed that DM intake (DMI), organic matter intake, and gross energy intake (GEI) were similar (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05) among treatments. Apparent digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and energy decreased with increasing levels of DLL in the ration (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). In contrast, digestible crude protein (CP) was higher (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) in treatments with 12% and 24% DM of DLL. The inclusion of DLL did not affect (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05) rumen pH and total volatile fatty acids. Rumen microbial community was not affected (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05) by treatment. There was a linear reduction (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) in CH<sub>4</sub> emissions as the levels of DLL in the ration were increased. Results of this study suggest that an inclusion of 12% DM of ration as DLL enhances digestible CP and reduces daily production of enteric CH<sub>4</sub> without adversely affecting DMI, rumen microbial population, and fermentation parameters.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Montoya-Flores</LastName><ForeName>Mar&#xed;a Denisse</ForeName><Initials>MD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Yucatan, M&#xe9;rida 97300, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Center for Disciplinary Research in Physiology and Animal Breeding, National Institute for Forestry, Crops, and Livestock Research - Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ajuchitl&#xe1;n 76280, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Molina-Botero</LastName><ForeName>Isabel Cristina</ForeName><Initials>IC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Yucatan, M&#xe9;rida 97300, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Km 17 Recta Cali-Palmira, A.A. 6713 Cali, Colombia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Arango</LastName><ForeName>Jacobo</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Km 17 Recta Cali-Palmira, A.A. 6713 Cali, Colombia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Romano-Mu&#xf1;oz</LastName><ForeName>Jos&#xe9; Luis</ForeName><Initials>JL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Center for Disciplinary Research in Physiology and Animal Breeding, National Institute for Forestry, Crops, and Livestock Research - Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ajuchitl&#xe1;n 76280, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Solorio-S&#xe1;nchez</LastName><ForeName>Francisco Javier</ForeName><Initials>FJ</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-1384-8639</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Yucatan, M&#xe9;rida 97300, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aguilar-P&#xe9;rez</LastName><ForeName>Carlos Fernando</ForeName><Initials>CF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Yucatan, M&#xe9;rida 97300, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ku-Vera</LastName><ForeName>Juan Carlos</ForeName><Initials>JC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Yucatan, M&#xe9;rida 97300, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>13</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Animals (Basel)</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101635614</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2076-2615</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Leucaena leucocephala</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">digestibility</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">methane</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">volatile fatty acids</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors declare no competing financial and non-financial interests.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2019</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>27</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>1</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>8</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>20</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>20</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>20</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pmc-release"><Year>2020</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>13</Day></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32069951</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7070482</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.3390/ani10020300</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">ani10020300</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Cubasch U., Wuebbles D., Chen D., Facchini M.C., Frame D., Mahowald N., Winther J.G. 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The aim of this study was to assess CH4 emissions over time in heifers fed with and without Gliricidia sepium foliage (G) mixed with ground pods of Enterolobium cyclocarpum(E). Two groups of 4 crossbred (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) heifers (284 &#xb1;17 kg initial weight) were fed with 2 diets (0% and 15% of a mixture of the pods and foliage [E + G:0 and E + G:15, respectively]) over 80 d, plus 2 wk before the experiment, in which every animal was fed a legume and pod-free diet. Every 14 d, CH4 production, apparent digestibility, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and microbial population were quantified for each animal. The experiment was conducted with a repeated measurements design over time. Diets fed differed in terms of their crude protein (CP), condensed tannins, and saponins content supplied by E. cyclocarpum and G. sepium. For most of the experiment, dry matter intake (DMI) and digestible dry-matter intake (DDMI) were 6.3 kg DMI/d and 512 g DDMI/kg, respectively, for both diets (diet: P &gt; 0.05). Apparent digestible crude protein (DCP) was reduced by 21 g DCP/kg DM when the diet was supplemented with E + G:15 (P = 0.040). Molar proportions of VFA's in the rumen did not differ between diets or in time (P &gt; 0.05). Daily methane production, expressed in relation to DMI, was 23.95 vs. 23.32 g CH4/kg DMI for the diet E + G:0 and E + G:15, respectively (diet: P = 0.016; Time: P &gt; 0.05). Percent gross energy loss as CH4 (Ym) with grass-only diets was above 8.1%, whereas when feeding heifers with the alternate supplementation, Ym values of 7.59% (P = 0.016) were observed. The relative abundance of total bacterial, protozoa, and methanogenic archaeal replicates was not affected by time nor by the incorporation of legume and pods into the diet (P &gt; 0.05). Results suggest that addition of G. sepium mixed with E. cyclocarpum pods can reduce CH4 production in heifers and this response remains over time, without effect on microbial population and VFA concentration and a slight reduction in CPD digestibility.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>&#xa9; The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Molina-Botero</LastName><ForeName>Isabel Cristina</ForeName><Initials>IC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Montoya-Flores</LastName><ForeName>Maria Denisse</ForeName><Initials>MD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zavala-Escalante</LastName><ForeName>Lucas M</ForeName><Initials>LM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Barahona-Rosales</LastName><ForeName>Rolando</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Arango</LastName><ForeName>Jacobo</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Colombia, Medellin, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ku-Vera</LastName><ForeName>Juan Carlos</ForeName><Initials>JC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>J Anim Sci</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>8003002</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0021-8812</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D005232">Fatty Acids, Volatile</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>OP0UW79H66</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D008697">Methane</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000821" MajorTopicYN="N">Animal Feed</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="Y">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001835" MajorTopicYN="N">Body Weight</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002417" MajorTopicYN="N">Cattle</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004032" MajorTopicYN="N">Diet</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000662" MajorTopicYN="N">veterinary</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019587" MajorTopicYN="N">Dietary Supplements</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="Y">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004063" MajorTopicYN="N">Digestion</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007887" MajorTopicYN="N">Fabaceae</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005232" MajorTopicYN="N">Fatty Acids, Volatile</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008697" MajorTopicYN="N">Methane</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006109" MajorTopicYN="N">Poaceae</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012417" MajorTopicYN="N">Rumen</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">cattle</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">greenhouse gas</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">legumes</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">long-term feeding</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">microbial population</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate 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					 <h5 class="title mb-3"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/36051539/Impact-of-orange-essential-oil-on-enteric-methane-emissions-of-heifers-fed-bermudagrass-hay">Impact of orange essential oil on enteric methane emissions of heifers fed bermudagrass hay.</a></h5><div class="publication-auther"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Rafael+Jimenez-Ocampo" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Rafael Jiménez-Ocampo</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Maria+D+Montoya-Flores" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">María D Montoya-Flores</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Gerardo+Pamanes-Carrasco" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Gerardo Pamanes-Carrasco</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Esperanza+Herrera-Torres" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Esperanza Herrera-Torres</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Jacobo+Arango" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Jacobo Arango</a></div><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1"></i> Front Vet Sci</p><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-calendar fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1 bdrl1 pl15 pl0-xs bdrn-xs"></i> August 2022</p></div>
								 </div><p class="text mt10">In this study, the effects of orange essential oil (OEO) on the rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, and methane (CH) emissions of beef heifers fed a diet of bermudagrass () were examined. In addition,  and  experiments were conducted. The  experiment consisted of three treatments: control (CTL, no OEO), OEO1 (0.</p><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/36051539/Impact-of-orange-essential-oil-on-enteric-methane-emissions-of-heifers-fed-bermudagrass-hay" class="ud-btn btn-thm mb25 me-4 "><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1" style="color:white"></i> View Article and Find Full Text PDF <i class="fal fa-arrow-right-long"></i></a><div class="skill-tags d-flex align-items-center justify-content-start mb20-md"></div></div>
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					 <h5 class="title mb-3"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/34071608/Effect-of-Chitosan-and-Naringin-on-Enteric-Methane-Emissions-in-Crossbred-Heifers-Fed-Tropical-Grass">Effect of Chitosan and Naringin on Enteric Methane Emissions in Crossbred Heifers Fed Tropical Grass.</a></h5><div class="publication-auther"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Rafael+Jimenez-Ocampo" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Rafael Jiménez-Ocampo</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Maria+Denisse+Montoya-Flores" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">María Denisse Montoya-Flores</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Esperanza+Herrera-Torres" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Esperanza Herrera-Torres</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Gerardo+Pamanes-Carrasco" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Gerardo Pámanes-Carrasco</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Jeyder+Israel+Arceo-Castillo" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Jeyder Israel Arceo-Castillo</a></div><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1"></i> Animals (Basel)</p><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-calendar fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1 bdrl1 pl15 pl0-xs bdrn-xs"></i> May 2021</p></div>
								 </div><p class="text mt10">In order to meet consumer needs, the livestock industry is increasingly seeking natural feed additives with the ability to improve the efficiency of nutrient utilization, alternatives to antibiotics, and mitigate methane emissions in ruminants. Chitosan (CHI) is a polysaccharide with antimicrobial capability against protozoa and Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, and yeasts while naringin (NA) is a flavonoid with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. First, an in vitro gas production experiment was performed adding 0, 1.</p><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/34071608/Effect-of-Chitosan-and-Naringin-on-Enteric-Methane-Emissions-in-Crossbred-Heifers-Fed-Tropical-Grass" class="ud-btn btn-thm mb25 me-4 "><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1" style="color:white"></i> View Article and Find Full Text PDF <i class="fal fa-arrow-right-long"></i></a><div class="skill-tags d-flex align-items-center justify-content-start mb20-md"></div></div>
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					 <h5 class="title mb-3"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/33195495/Role-of-Secondary-Plant-Metabolites-on-Enteric-Methane-Mitigation-in-Ruminants">Role of Secondary Plant Metabolites on Enteric Methane Mitigation in Ruminants.</a></h5><div class="publication-auther"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Juan+Carlos+Ku-Vera" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Juan Carlos Ku-Vera</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Rafael+Jimenez-Ocampo" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Rafael Jiménez-Ocampo</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Sara+Stephanie+Valencia-Salazar" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Sara Stephanie Valencia-Salazar</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Maria+Denisse+Montoya-Flores" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">María Denisse Montoya-Flores</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Isabel+Cristina+Molina-Botero" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Isabel Cristina Molina-Botero</a></div><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1"></i> Front Vet Sci</p><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-calendar fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1 bdrl1 pl15 pl0-xs bdrn-xs"></i> August 2020</p></div>
								 </div><p class="text mt10">The rumen microbiome plays a fundamental role in all ruminant species, it is involved in health, nutrient utilization, detoxification, and methane emissions. Methane is a greenhouse gas which is eructated in large volumes by ruminants grazing extensive grasslands in the tropical regions of the world. Enteric methane is the largest contributor to the emissions of greenhouse gases originating from animal agriculture.</p><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/33195495/Role-of-Secondary-Plant-Metabolites-on-Enteric-Methane-Mitigation-in-Ruminants" class="ud-btn btn-thm mb25 me-4 "><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1" style="color:white"></i> View Article and Find Full Text PDF <i class="fal fa-arrow-right-long"></i></a><div class="skill-tags d-flex align-items-center justify-content-start mb20-md"></div></div>
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					 <h5 class="title mb-3"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/32069951/Effect-of-Dried-Leaves-of-on-Rumen-Fermentation-Rumen-Microbial-Population-and-Enteric-Methane-Produ">Effect of Dried Leaves of  on Rumen Fermentation, Rumen Microbial Population, and Enteric Methane Production in Crossbred Heifers.</a></h5><div class="publication-auther"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Maria+Denisse+Montoya-Flores" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">María Denisse Montoya-Flores</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Isabel+Cristina+Molina-Botero" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Isabel Cristina Molina-Botero</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Jacobo+Arango" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Jacobo Arango</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Jose+Luis+Romano-Munoz" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">José Luis Romano-Muñoz</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Francisco+Javier+Solorio-Sanchez" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Francisco Javier Solorio-Sánchez</a></div><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1"></i> Animals (Basel)</p><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-calendar fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1 bdrl1 pl15 pl0-xs bdrn-xs"></i> February 2020</p></div>
								 </div><p class="text mt10">The effects of dietary inclusion of dried   leaves (DLL) on nutrient digestibility, fermentation parameters, microbial rumen population, and production of enteric methane (CH) in crossbred heifers were evaluated. Four heifers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design consisting of four periods and four levels of inclusion of DLL: 0%, 12%, 24%, and 36% of dry matter (DM) intake. Results showed that DM intake (DMI), organic matter intake, and gross energy intake (GEI) were similar ( > 0.</p><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/32069951/Effect-of-Dried-Leaves-of-on-Rumen-Fermentation-Rumen-Microbial-Population-and-Enteric-Methane-Produ" class="ud-btn btn-thm mb25 me-4 "><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1" style="color:white"></i> View Article and Find Full Text PDF <i class="fal fa-arrow-right-long"></i></a><div class="skill-tags d-flex align-items-center justify-content-start mb20-md"></div></div>
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					 <h5 class="title mb-3"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/30785622/Effects-of-long-term-diet-supplementation-with-Gliricidia-sepium-foliage-mixed-with-Enterolobium-cyc">Effects of long-term diet supplementation with Gliricidia sepium foliage mixed with Enterolobium cyclocarpum pods on enteric methane, apparent digestibility, and rumen microbial population in crossbred heifers1.</a></h5><div class="publication-auther"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Isabel+Cristina+Molina-Botero" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Isabel Cristina Molina-Botero</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Maria+Denisse+Montoya-Flores" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Maria Denisse Montoya-Flores</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Lucas+M+Zavala-Escalante" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Lucas M Zavala-Escalante</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Rolando+Barahona-Rosales" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Rolando Barahona-Rosales</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Jacobo+Arango" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Jacobo Arango</a></div><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1"></i> J Anim Sci</p><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-calendar fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1 bdrl1 pl15 pl0-xs bdrn-xs"></i> April 2019</p></div>
								 </div><p class="text mt10">In the last decades, strategies have been evaluated to reduce rumen methane (CH4) production by supplementing tropical forages rich in secondary compounds; however, most of these beneficial effects need to be validated in terms of their persistence over time. The aim of this study was to assess CH4 emissions over time in heifers fed with and without Gliricidia sepium foliage (G) mixed with ground pods of Enterolobium cyclocarpum(E). Two groups of 4 crossbred (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) heifers (284 ±17 kg initial weight) were fed with 2 diets (0% and 15% of a mixture of the pods and foliage [E + G:0 and E + G:15, respectively]) over 80 d, plus 2 wk before the experiment, in which every animal was fed a legume and pod-free diet.</p><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/30785622/Effects-of-long-term-diet-supplementation-with-Gliricidia-sepium-foliage-mixed-with-Enterolobium-cyc" class="ud-btn btn-thm mb25 me-4 "><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1" style="color:white"></i> View Article and Find Full Text PDF <i class="fal fa-arrow-right-long"></i></a><div class="skill-tags d-flex align-items-center justify-content-start mb20-md"></div></div>
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