Risk factors and mortality of candidemia in a children's public hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Candida bloodstream infections in children are of special concern in neonatal and pediatric intensive care and patients with comorbidities. This study aimed to estimate the incidence and risk factors associated with mortality in candidemia cases occurring in a public children's hospital in Ribeirao Preto, Brazil. It is a retrospective transversal study.

Immunogenicity and safety of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) using two-dose primary protocol in children and adolescents (Immunita-002, Brazil): A phase IV six-month follow up.

Introduction: Vaccines are essential for the prevention and control of several diseases, indeed, monitoring the immune response generated by vaccines is crucial. The immune response generated by vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents is not well defined regarding to the intensity and medium to long-term duration of a protective immune response, which may point out the need of booster doses and might support the decisions in public health.

Objective: The study aims to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in a two-dose primary protocol in children and adolescent aging from 3 to 17 years old in Brazil.

Outcome of BCG Vaccination in ADA-SCID Patients: A 12-Patient Series.

Vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) can be harmful to patients with combined primary immunodeficiencies. We report the outcome of BCG vaccination in a series of twelve patients affected by adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA-SCID). BCG vaccination resulted in a very high incidence of complications due to uncontrolled replication of the mycobacterium.

Is community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) an emerging pathogen among children in Brazil?

Background: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is spreading worldwide, but little is known about the epidemiology of this pathogen in Brazil.

Objective: To evaluate clinical and microbiological features of children with S. aureus infections admitted to a university hospital.

Severe pertussis infection: A clinicopathological study.

We aimed to investigate the clinicopathological features of pertussis in children admitted to a tertiary-care university hospital in Brazil.This was a retrospective cohort study of all pediatric hospital admissions with pertussis from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2014. We also reported the autopsy findings in children who died.

Human Herpesvirus 8 in Perinatally HIV-infected Children with Interstitial Lung Disease.

Introduction: Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is associated with the pathogenesis of Kaposi Sarcoma and interstitial pneumonitis in adults. This study aims to evaluate association between HHV-8 and interstitial lung disease in HIV-infected children.

Methods: HIV-infected children with interstitial pneumonitis underwent lung biopsies in a tertiary hospital and were investigated for HHV-8, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry in lung tissue.

Apocynin and Nox2 regulate NF-κB by modifying thioredoxin-1 redox-state.

The reactive-oxygen-species-(ROS)-generating-enzyme Nox2 is essential for leukocyte anti-microbial activity. However its role in cellular redox homeostasis and, consequently, in modulating intracellular signaling pathways remains unclear. Herein, we show Nox2 activation favors thioredoxin-1 (TRX-1)/p40phox interaction, which leads to exclusion of TRX-1 from the nucleus.

Emergent and re-emergent parasites in HIV-infected children: immunological and socio-environmental conditions that are involved in the transmission of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.

Introduction: Emergent and re-emergent waterborne protozoans have become a worldwide public health problem, especially among vulnerable groups.

Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated 17 HIV-infected children and their families.

Results: A high (76.

Circumcision as treatment for Zoon's balanitis in an HIV-positive teenage patient.

In this report we describe a case of the Zoon's balanitis in a boy with HIV (AIDS B2). The clinical presentation, failure of topical treatment, cure by circumcision, and the histopathology findings are presented.

Prevalence and predictors of elevated aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index in Latin American perinatally HIV-infected children.

Background: Chronic liver disease has emerged as an important problem in adults with longstanding HIV infection, but data are lacking for children. We characterized elevated aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), a marker of possible liver fibrosis, in perinatally HIV-infected children.

Methods: The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development International Site Development Initiative enrolled HIV-infected children (ages 0.

Impact of hypoxia on IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3, ALS and IGFBP-1 regulation and on IGF1R gene expression in children.

Unlabelled: Hypoxia is one of many factors involved in the regulation of the IGF system. However, no information is available regarding the regulation of the IGF system by acute hypoxia in humans.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute hypoxia on the IGF system of children.

Rubella vaccination of unknowingly pregnant women: the São Paulo experience, 2001.

Background: Rubella vaccination is contraindicated during pregnancy. During mass immunization of women of childbearing age against rubella, women unknowingly pregnant may be vaccinated. To evaluate the effects of rubella vaccination during pregnancy, the Brazilian state of São Paulo conducted a follow-up study of pregnant women vaccinated during a rubella campaign in 2001.

Nutritional assessment and lipid profile in HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Introduction: HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens that include a protease inhibitor (PI) can show significant improvements in clinical outcomes, nutritional status and quality of life. The study aimed to report nutritional and metabolic alterations for pediatric patients continuously exposed to HAART and for healthy controls for up to 1 year.

Methods: Clinical, anthropometric, lipid profile and food intake data were collected prospectively over approximately 12-months for each patient.

Detection of human bocavirus mRNA in respiratory secretions correlates with high viral load and concurrent diarrhea.

Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus recently identified in association with acute respiratory infections (ARI). Despite its worldwide occurrence, little is known on the pathogenesis of HBoV infections. In addition, few systematic studies of HBoV in ARI have been conducted in Latin America.

[Characterization of caregivers for children with HIV/AIDS, addressing quality of life, socio-economic stratification and oral health aspects].

Objective: This study examines perceptions, and knowledge of how to promote oral healthcare among people caring for children with HIV/AIDS.

Methods: A questionnaire was completed by people caring for children with HIV/AIDS, encompassing the quality of life (WHOQoL-bref); the socioeconomic stratification (BECC); and aspects related to oral health through the perception, care and promotion of oral health. Internal consistency was evaluated for the WHOQoL-bref domains, for the BECC questions and for the oral health questions.

Niacin nutritional status in HIV type 1-positive children: preliminary data.

Objective: HIV infection induces a state of pellagra in cell culture models. This study compared the nutritional status and the 24-hour urine excretion of N-methylnicotinamide between HIV-positive children and HIV-negative children who were or were not born of mothers with HIV-1 infection.

Patients And Methods: Forty patients were included in the study: HIV-positive children (group 1; n = 20), HIV-negative children born to infected mothers (group 2; n = 10), and HIV-negative control children (group 3; n = 10).

Vertical transmission of Cryptococcus neoformans from a mother coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus: case report.

Disseminated infection with Cryptococcus neoformans was observed in a newborn infant who presented fever and respiratory symptoms since the 52 nd day of life. The mother was infected by human immunodeficiency virus and presented pulmonary and meningeal cryptococcal infection. This is a rare case of cryptococcal infection with probable maternal-fetal transmission.

Polyarteritis nodosa with central nervous system involvement mimicking meningoencephalitis.

Objective: To describe a patient who had polyarteritis nodosa with central nervous system involvement mimicking infectious meningoencephalitis.

Design: Case report.

Setting: Pediatric intensive care unit of a university hospital.