A serralysin-like protein of Liberibacter asiaticus modulates components of the bacterial extracellular matrix.

Huanglongbing (HLB), the current major threat for species, is caused by intracellular alphaproteobacteria of the genus Liberibacter (L), with L asiaticus (Las) being the most prevalent species. This bacterium inhabits phloem cells and is transmitted by the psyllid . A gene encoding a putative serralysin-like metalloprotease (CLIBASIA_01345) was identified in the Las genome.

PthA4 , a 7.5-repeats transcription activator-like (TAL) effector from Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri, triggers citrus canker resistance.

Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are important effectors of Xanthomonas spp. that manipulate the transcriptome of the host plant, conferring susceptibility or resistance to bacterial infection. Xanthomonas citri ssp.

Sterol metabolism in the filasterean Capsaspora owczarzaki has features that resemble both fungi and animals.

Sterols are essential for several physiological processes in most eukaryotes. Sterols regulate membrane homeostasis and participate in different signalling pathways not only as precursors of steroid hormones and vitamins, but also through its role in the formation of lipid rafts. Two major types of sterols, cholesterol and ergosterol, have been described so far in the opisthokonts, the clade that comprise animals, fungi and their unicellular relatives.