Biofouling in-water cleaning and scrubbers wash waters, potential sources of marine pollution: the Brazilian case.

Maritime transport is considered a sustainable mean of transporting goods worldwide. In addition to cargo, ships unintentionally transport non-native species. While managing the transport of organisms through ballast water has been at the centre of international efforts, biofouling from ships has not been addressed in the same way and some potentially harmful practices, such as in-water cleaning, still occur worldwide.

Temporal changes in phytoplankton biomass and cellular properties; implications for the IMO ballast water convention.

In the Wadden Sea, the Netherlands, and at L4 in the English Channel, UK, the size class distribution of phytoplankton was investigated with respect to the size range >10-≤50 µm identified by the IMO Ballast Water Convention. Size fractionation using 10 µm mesh filtration showed considerable size bias; 23.1% of >10 µm cells were still present in the <10 µm, but 21.