The Influence of Placebo Effect on Craving and Cognitive Performance in Alcohol, Caffeine, or Nicotine Consumers: A Systematic Review.

Objective: The present systematic review aims to analyze the evidence about the influence of placebo effect on craving and cognitive performance in alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine consumers.

Methods: Relevant studies were identified Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases (up to March 2020). Only those papers published between 2009 and 2019 were searched.

Effects of para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) on agonistic encounters between male mice.

Para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) is a synthetic drug chemically similar to the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA or "ecstasy") and often replaces MDMA in tablets that show an "ecstasy" logo. PMA displays a higher toxic potential than MDMA, but the behavioral profile of PMA has been scarcely studied in animal models. Here we evaluated the effects of PMA (2, 4, 8, and 12 mg/kg, i.

Selective agonism of mGlu8 receptors by (S)-3,4-dicarboxyphenylglycine does not affect sleep stages in the rat.

Background: Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu) play a role in a number of physiological processes and behaviors, as well as in certain pathological conditions and diseases. New drugs targetting mGlu receptors are being developed with treatment purposes. Recent data indicates that glutamate is involved in sleep, and pharmacological manipulation of distinct subtypes of mGlu receptors affect sleep.

Positive allosteric modulation of mGlu7 receptors by AMN082 affects sleep and wakefulness in the rat.

Evidence indicates that metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu) are involved in the regulation of physiological and behavioral processes, and glutamate has been implicated in several pathologies of the Central Nervous System. Pharmacological evidence suggests the therapeutic potential of targeting mGlu7 receptor in a number of pathological conditions; and previous research has shown the involvement of glutamate on sleep and wakefulness regulation. Here, the effects of mGlu7 receptor selective modulation on sleep and wake states are explored.

Effects of MPEP, a selective metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 ligand, on sleep and wakefulness in the rat.

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu) have been implicated in the regulation of physiological and behavioral processes. Pharmacological evidence involves group I mGlu receptors in the regulation of emotional states and antagonism of these receptors has been proposed as a novel class of anxiolytic drugs having also antidepressant effects. Here, the effects of mGlu5 receptor selective modulation on sleep and wake states are explored.

Effects of (+) SKF 10,047, a sigma-1 receptor agonist, on anxiety,tested in two laboratory models in mice.

Recently, sigma-1 receptor modulators have been considered drugs with an interesting therapeutic potential for the treatment of anxiety. However, there is no clear information in preclinical studies about the possible effects of sigma-1 ligands on anxiety in experimental animal models. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of (+)SKF 10,047 (2-8 mg/kg, ip), a sigma-1 agonist, on anxiety, tested in two classical laboratory models (social interaction test and elevated plus maze).

Effects of selective dopamine D4 receptor antagonist, L-741,741, on sleep and wakefulness in the rat.

The influence of the dopamine system upon sleep/wake states is not fully understood. To date, the role of dopamine D4 receptor has not been studied. The aim of this work is to study the influence of dopamine D4 receptor upon sleep/wake states in male rats.

Effects of selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition on sleep and wakefulness in the rat.

The role played by the unconventional messenger Nitric Oxide (NO) upon the sleep-wake cycle remains controversial. Evidence suggests a positive role of NO on Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) and Paradoxical Sleep (PS) regulation, favoring sleep. However, other studies have found a role of NO upon wakefulness and alertness, inhibiting sleep.

Behavioural effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO): changes in sleep architecture in rats.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an efficient solvent for water-insoluble compounds, widely used in biological studies and as a vehicle for drug therapy, but few data on its neurotoxic or behavioural effects is available. The aim of this work is to explore DMSO's effects upon sleep/wake states. Twenty male rats were sterotaxically prepared for polysomnography.

Anxiogenic-like activity of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine ("Ecstasy") in the social interaction test is accompanied by an increase of c-fos expression in mice amygdala.

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a synthetic amphetamine popularly known as "Ecstasy." Animal studies examining acute effects of MDMA on anxiety are unclear because although an anxiolytic-like action of MDMA in different animal models of anxiety has been described, there is also substantial evidence supporting an anxiogenic-like effect of this drug. To date, several studies have examined c-fos expression following MDMA administration in rats.

Coadministration of L-NOARG and tiapride: effects on catalepsy in male mice.

This study was designed to determine the possible potentiation of catalepsy behavior after coadministration of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and tiapride, a specific antagonist for D2 receptors, in male mice. Catalepsy was measured by the bar test. Two successive evaluations were carried out 60 and 90 min after injections.

Cytochrome oxidase activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and pineal gland in rats with portacaval shunt.

Rhythmic behavioral and biochemical changes have been observed in both human and animal models with hepatic insufficiency. The basis of all these alterations is the principal endogenous pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The aim of this work, therefore, is to determine cytochrome c oxidase activity, a marker of neuronal activity and oxidative metabolism, in this nucleus in rats with portacaval shunt.