Effect of Osocimab in Preventing Venous Thromboembolism Among Patients Undergoing Knee Arthroplasty: The FOXTROT Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: The efficacy of factor XIa inhibition for thromboprophylaxis is unknown. Osocimab is a long-acting, fully human monoclonal antibody that inhibits factor XIa.

Objective: To compare different doses of osocimab with enoxaparin and apixaban for thromboprophylaxis in patients who have undergone knee arthroplasty.

Rivaroxaban or Aspirin for Extended Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism.

Background: Although many patients with venous thromboembolism require extended treatment, it is uncertain whether it is better to use full- or lower-intensity anticoagulation therapy or aspirin.

Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, phase 3 study, we assigned 3396 patients with venous thromboembolism to receive either once-daily rivaroxaban (at doses of 20 mg or 10 mg) or 100 mg of aspirin. All the study patients had completed 6 to 12 months of anticoagulation therapy and were in equipoise regarding the need for continued anticoagulation.

The role of immunoglobulin-G subclasses and C1q in de novo HLA-DQ donor-specific antibody kidney transplantation outcomes.

Background: Anti-HLA-DQ antibodies are the predominant HLA class II donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) after transplantation. Recently, de novo DQ DSA has been associated with worse allograft outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the further complement-binding characteristics of the most harmful DQ DSA.

HO-1-STAT3 axis in mouse liver ischemia/reperfusion injury: regulation of TLR4 innate responses through PI3K/PTEN signaling.

Background & Aims: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a key mediator of anti-inflammatory cytokine signaling, is essential for heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)-induced cytoprotection. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/phosphatase and tensin homolog delete on chromosome 10 (PTEN) pathways regulate diverse innate immune responses. This study was designed to investigate the role of STAT3 in the regulation of PI3K/PTEN cascade after HO-1 induction in a mouse model of innate immune-dominated liver ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI).

Type I interferon pathway mediates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Background: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common cause of acute renal failure after kidney transplantation. This study was designed to analyze the role of type I interferon (IFN) signaling downstream of Toll-like receptor 2/Toll-like receptor 4 activation in the mechanism of I/R-triggered kidney damage.

Methods: Local warm ischemia was induced in groups wild-type (WT) and type I IFN receptor (IFNAR)-/- mice (C57BL/6) by clamping both kidney pedicles for 45 min.

Kidney transplantation in the US: an analysis of the OPTN/UNOS registry.

As of January 14, 2011, 112,707 individuals were listed for kidney transplant. In the past 5 years the yearly average of deceased donor and living donor kidney-only transplants was 10,052 and 6,153, respectively. Compared with a previous decade, one-, 3- and 5-year graft survival rates for deceased donor kidney transplants increased 5%, 6%, and 6%, respectively.

Programmed death-1/B7-H1 negative costimulation protects mouse liver against ischemia and reperfusion injury.

Unlabelled: Programmed death-1 (PD-1)/B7-H1 costimulation acts as a negative regulator of host alloimmune responses. Although CD4 T cells mediate innate immunity-dominated ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) in the liver, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This study focused on the role of PD-1/B7-H1 negative signaling in liver IRI.

T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 determines severity of liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice in a TLR4-dependent manner.

Background & Aims: T-cell immunoglobulin mucin (TIM) genes are expressed by T cells and regulate host immunity and tolerance. CD4(+) T cells mediate innate immunity-dominated liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) by unknown mechanisms. TIM-1 is involved in liver IRI, which is activated in part by the Toll-like receptor (TLR)4; we investigated the role of TIM-3 and TLR4 in IRI.

Blockade of Janus kinase-2 signaling ameliorates mouse liver damage due to ischemia and reperfusion.

Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling is one of the major pathways for cytokine signal transduction. However, the role of the JAK/STAT pathway in liver ischemia/reperfusion is not clear. This study focuses on Janus kinase-2 (JAK2), which functions upstream of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) in JAK/STAT, and its role in the mechanism of liver ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI).

The protective function of neutrophil elastase inhibitor in liver ischemia/reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND.: A neutrophil elastase (NE) inhibitor, Sivelestat, has been approved for the treatment of acute lung injury associated with systemic inflammation in humans. Some reports have also shown its protective effects in liver inflammatory states.

The emerging role of T cell immunoglobulin mucin-1 in the mechanism of liver ischemia and reperfusion injury in the mouse.

The T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecules (TIM) protein family, which is expressed by T cells, plays a crucial role in regulating host adaptive immunity and tolerance. However, its role in local inflammation, such as innate immunity-dominated organ ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), remains unknown. Liver IRI occurs frequently after major hepatic resection or liver transplantation.

Trend in lung transplantation in the U.S.: an analysis of the UNOS registry.

The number of lung transplants continues to increase in the U.S. The most significant change over the last decade occurred after the 2005 implementation of LAS.

The inhibition of neutrophil elastase ameliorates mouse liver damage due to ischemia and reperfusion.

Neutrophils are considered crucial effector cells in the pathophysiology of organ ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Although neutrophil elastase (NE) accounts for a substantial portion of the neutrophil activity, the function of NE in liver IRI remains unclear. This study focuses on the role of NE in the mechanism of liver IRI.

Prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus fecal colonization among kidney transplant patients.

Background: End stage renal disease patients are at risk of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) infections. The first reports of VRE isolation were from hemodialysis patients. However, to date, VRE fecal colonization rates as well as associated risk factors in kidney transplant patients have not yet been established in prospective studies.

Effect of temporary catheter and late referral on hospitalization and mortality during the first year of hemodialysis treatment.

Late referral (LR) to dialysis therapy has been associated with poor outcomes in people with end-stage renal disease. This had been ascribed to the frequent use of temporary vascular catheters (TVCs) in LR patients. The effects of LR and TVC on the outcomes of an incident hemodialysis population (n = 101) were investigated.