Evaluation of the Abdala Vaccine: Antibody and Cellular Response to the RBD Domain of SARS-CoV-2.

Abdala is a recently released RBD protein subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. A few countries, including Mexico, have adopted Abdala as a booster dose in their COVID-19 vaccination schemes. Despite that, most of the Mexican population has received full-scheme vaccination with platforms other than Abdala; little is known regarding Abdala's immunological features, such as its antibody production and T- and B-cell-specific response induction.

Exogenous CFH Modulates Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators to Prevent Oxidative Damage of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells with the At-Risk CFH Y402H Variant.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, progressive degenerative retinal disease. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells play an important role in the immune defense of the eye and their dysfunction leads to the progressive irreversible degeneration of photoreceptors. Genetic factors, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress have been implicated in AMD pathogenesis.

Quality of life in adult patients using dialyzable leukocyte extract for allergic rhinitis.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) has considerable impact on the general health of individuals. Therefore, treatment trials should include an evaluation of quality of life. We aimed to determine changes in the quality of life of moderate/severe AR patients treated with standard treatment in addition to dialyzable leukocyte extract (DLE), a peptide-based immunomodulator.

[Validation of a symptom scale for COVID-19 patients in ambulatory care].

Background: A symptom scale can be useful for the standardization of clinical evaluations and follow-up of COVID-19 patients in ambultaroy care. Scale development should be accompanied by an assessment of its reliablility and validity.

Objective: To develop and measure the psychometric characteristics of a COVID-19 symptom scale to be answered by either healthcare personnel or adult patients in ambulatory care.

MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in age-related macular degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) involves degenerative and neovascular alteration in the macular region of the retina resulting in central vision loss. AMD can be classified into dry (dAMD) and wet AMD (wAMD). There is no established treatment for dAMD, and therapies available for wAMD have limited success.

Effector-Memory B-Lymphocytes and Follicular Helper T-Lymphocytes as Central Players in the Immune Response in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Populations against SARS-CoV-2.

Vaccines have been recognized as having a central role in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic; however, most vaccine development research is focused on IgG-induced antibodies. Here, we analyzed the generation of IgGs related to SARS-CoV-2 and the changes in B- and T-lymphocyte proportions following vaccination against COVID-19. We included samples from 69 volunteers inoculated with the Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2), Astra Zeneca (AZD1222 Covishield), or Sputnik V (Gam-COVID-Vac) vaccines.

Kinetic Changes in B7 Costimulatory Molecules and IRF4 Expression in Human Dendritic Cells during LPS Exposure.

A key aspect of the inflammatory phenomenon is the involvement of costimulatory molecules expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and their ability to secrete cytokines to set instructions for an adaptive immune response and to generate tolerance or inflammation. In a novel integrative approach, we aimed to evaluate the kinetic expression of the membrane and soluble B7 costimulatory molecules CD86, ICOS-L, PDL1, PDL2, the transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4), and the cytokines produced by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) after challenging them with different concentrations of stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for different lengths of time. Our results showed that the stimuli concentration and time of exposure to an antigen are key factors in modulating the dynamic expression pattern of membrane and soluble B7 molecules and cytokines.

SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence among the Health Care Staff of an Ophthalmological Reference Centre, a Cross Sectional Study.

Purpose: During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers (HCWs) are at a considerable risk of being infected with SARS-CoV-2; among them, HCWs from ophthalmology departments are more prone to develop severe symptoms. In Mexico City, the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs is 30%. The present work aims to describe the seroprevalence among HCWs at an Ophthalmological Reference Centre in Mexico City.

Development and Evaluation of a Set of Spike and Receptor Binding Domain-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for SARS-CoV-2 Serological Testing.

The implementation and validation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG serological assays are reported in this paper. S1 and RBD proteins were used to coat ELISA plates, and several secondary antibodies served as reporters. The assays were initially validated with 50 RT-PCR positive COVID-19 sera, which showed high IgG titers of mainly IgG1 isotype, followed by IgG3.

Poor Survival in COVID-19 Associated with Lymphopenia and Higher Neutrophile-Lymphocyte Ratio.

Background: Immune cell counts in blood in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may be useful prognostic biomarkers of disease severity, mortality, and response to treatment.

Objectives: To analyze sub-populations of lymphocytes at hospital admission in survivors and deceased from severe pneumonia due to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of healthcare workers confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 in convalescents (control group) and healthy controls (HC) diagnosed with severe COVID-19.

Increased Expression of TLR4 in Circulating CD4+T Cells in Patients with Allergic Conjunctivitis and In Vitro Attenuation of Th2 Inflammatory Response by Alpha-MSH.

Ocular allergic diseases are frequently seen in ophthalmological clinical practice. Immunological damage is mediated by a local Th2 inflammatory microenvironment, accompanied by changes in circulating cell subsets, with more effector cells and fewer T regulatory cells (Tregs). This study aimed to evaluate the involvement of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in the immune regulation associated with perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC).

Serum levels of chemokines in adolescents with major depression treated with fluoxetine.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global health issue that affects 350 million people of all ages. Although between 2% and 5.6% of affected individuals are adolescents, research on young patients is limited.

Activation of IL-10+ B cells: A novel immunomodulatory mechanism for therapeutic bacterial suspensions.

Objectives: Bacterial components are used to improve immune responses in patients with respiratory infections. Pharmacological formulations of bacterial components include a mixture of bacterial antigens, some of which are complete inactivated bacteria, that is, named bacterial suspensions; while others are fragments of bacteria, which are presented as bacterial lysates. Although bacterial lysates have been broadly used as immune-stimulators, the biological support for the therapeutic effectiveness of bacterial suspension has not yet been studied.

Low Expression of IL-10 in Circulating Bregs and Inverted IL-10/TNF-α Ratio in Tears of Patients with Perennial Allergic Conjunctivitis: A Preliminary Study.

Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is one of the most common ophthalmological disorders seen in clinical practice. Growing evidence from recent years suggests that a subset of IL-10-expressing B cells is involved in inflammatory allergic diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential involvement of blood Bregs cells in perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC), and interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, were measured in tear samples and compared with healthy controls (HC) using flow cytometry.

[Immunological evaluation during treatment of a case of borderline lepromatous leprosy].

Background: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection that affects skin and peripheral nerves. Its prevalence has declined, but is still observed mainly in poor rural areas.

Case Report: A male city dweller with photophobia and chronic dermatosis in the face: nodular and erythematous lesions, pustules, keratitis and entropion, partial eyebrows loss, and edema on eyelids, chin, and nose bridge.

Tissue and cellular characterisation of nucleolin in a murine model of corneal angiogenesis.

Purpose: Corneal neovascularisation (CNV), with consequent loss of transparency, is due to an imbalance of proangiogenic factors. Cell-surface nucleolin (NCL) has been associated with neo-angiogenesis. There are studies identifying NCL translocation from nucleus to the cell surface, which is essential for endothelial cell proliferation.

Ophthalmic indications of amniotic membrane transplantation in Mexico: an eight years Amniotic Membrane Bank experience.

Amniotic membrane, the inner layer of the placenta, has biological properties (e.g. promotes epithelization, reduces fibrosis, secretes antimicrobial products and inhibits immune responses) which make it a useful option for several ophthalmologic procedures, especially those involving the ocular surface.

Pemphigus: An Ophthalmological Review.

Objective: To describe the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and management of pemphigus, with an emphasis on ocular involvement.

Methods: Literature review.

Results: Pemphigus is an autoimmune epithelial blistering disease of the skin and mucous membranes.

Intracellular IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-γ as the main characteristic of CD4+CD30+ T cells after allergen stimulation in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

Background: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a severe form of allergic conjunctivitis, in which inflammatory infiltrates of the conjunctiva are characterized by CD3+ and CD30+ cells. Until today, the functional involvement of CD30+ T cells in VKC was unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the functional characteristics of CD30+ T cells after allergen stimulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from patients with VKC.

Expression of IL-8, IL-6 and IL-1β in tears as a main characteristic of the immune response in human microbial keratitis.

Corneal infections are frequent and potentially vision-threatening diseases, and despite the significance of the immunological response in animal models of microbial keratitis (MK), it remains unclear in humans. The aim of this study was to describe the cytokine profile of tears in patients with MK. Characteristics of ocular lesions such as size of the epithelial defect, stromal infiltration, and hypopyon were analyzed.

Triple subconjunctival bevacizumab injection for early corneal recurrent pterygium: one-year follow-up.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of 3 subconjunctival bevacizumab injections in patients with an early corneal pterygium recurrence.

Methods: This study was a nonrandomized single center trial. Patients with an early corneal pterygium recurrence were selected.

The ocular surface: from physiology to the ocular allergic diseases.

Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is an inflammation of the conjunctiva secondary to an immune response to exogenous antigens, usually called allergens. In fact, AC is a syndrome that involves the entire ocular surface, including conjunctiva, lids, cornea, and tear film. The signs and symptoms of AC have a meaningful effect on comfort and patient health, and could be influenced by environment, genetics and immune regulation mechanisms, all of which work together in a complex immunological homeostasis.

O-glycosylation of NnTreg lymphocytes recognized by the Amaranthus leucocarpus lectin.

O-glycosidically-linked glycans have been involved in development, maturation, homing, and immune regulation in T cells. Previous reports indicate that Amaranthus leucocarpus lectin (ALL), specific for glycans containing galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine, recognizes human naïve CD27(+)CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells. Our aim was to evaluate the phenotype of CD4(+) T cells recognized by ALL in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from healthy volunteers.

Stem cells isolated from the human stromal limbus possess immunosuppressant properties.

Purpose: Mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSC) are non-hemopoietic cells with the capacity to self-renewal and to differentiate into various cell lineages of mesenchymal origin. More recently, the immune regulatory potential of MSC has been focused on. Furthermore, mesenchymal stem cells obtained from diverse tissues possess immunomodulatory properties and inhibit proinflammatory immune reactions.