Vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy: A review of indications, techniques, outcomes, and complications.

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most severe forms of retinopathy and a leading cause of blindness all over the world. Of a greater concern is proliferative diabetic retinopathy which leads to vitreous haemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment in such cases. A majority of these cases require a surgical intervention to improve vision and prevent further vision loss.

Store-Operated Calcium Entry Inhibition and Plasma Membrane Calcium Pump Upregulation Contribute to the Maintenance of Resting Cytosolic Calcium Concentration in A1-like Astrocytes.

Highly neurotoxic A1-reactive astrocytes have been associated with several human neurodegenerative diseases. Complement protein C3 expression is strongly upregulated in A1 astrocytes, and this protein has been shown to be a specific biomarker of these astrocytes. Several cytokines released in neurodegenerative diseases have been shown to upregulate the production of amyloid β protein precursor (APP) and neurotoxic amyloid β (Aβ) peptides in reactive astrocytes.

Long-Term Outcomes of Same Patient Eyes Treated with Pars Plana Vitrectomy in One Eye and Conventional Treatment in the Other for Complications of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term, real-world outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. A retrospective review involving 64 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy that underwent PPV in their worse-seeing eye were followed for a minimum of 8 years. The fellow eye underwent conventional treatment.

Inhibition of SERCA and PMCA Ca-ATPase activities by polyoxotungstates.

Plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCA) and sarco(endo) reticulum calcium ATPases (SERCA) are key proteins in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis. Herein, we compare for the first time the inhibition of SERCA and PMCA calcium pumps by several polyoxotungstates (POTs), namely by Wells-Dawson phosphotungstate anions [PWO] (intact, {PW}), [PWO] (monolacunary, {PW}), [PWO] (trilacunary, {PW}), [HPWO] (hexalacunary, {PW}), [HPWVO] (trivanadium-substituted, {PWV}) and by Preyssler-type anion [NaPWO] ({PW}). The speciation in the solutions of tested POTs was investigated by P and V NMR spectroscopy.

Minimal, Relaxing Membranectomies for the Management of Opacified Hyaloid With Diabetic Tractional Retinal Detachments in Monocular Patients: A Novel Surgical Technique.

Purpose: Vitrectomy for severe tractional retinal detachments is a high-risk procedure given the surgical complexity and potential for postoperative complications. The risk is compounded when operating on monocular patients. We developed a novel technique using hyaloidal removal and minimal relaxing membranectomies for tractional retinal detachments with an opacified hyaloid over the fovea in monocular, diabetic patients and evaluated complications and outcomes.

The Plasma Membrane Ca-ATPase, a Molecular Target for Tau-induced Cytosolic Calcium Dysregulation.

Disruption of calcium (Ca) homeostasis is emerging as a prevalent feature of aging and aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of tauopathy. This disease is characterized by the combined presence of extracellular neuritic plaques composed by amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles of tau. The association of calcium dyshomeostasis with Aβ has been extensively studied, however its link with tau has been less investigated.

Vitrectomy versus Vitrectomy with Scleral Buckling in the Treatment of Giant Retinal Tear Related Retinal Detachments: An International Multicenter Study.

Purpose: To determine the practice pattern for treating giant retinal tear (GRT) related detachments, and their anatomic and visual outcomes with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with or without scleral buckling (SB).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Subjects: Eyes with GRT detachments repaired from 2008 to 2020 with at least 6 months of follow-up from 7 institutions in North and South America, Europe, and Asia.

Risk of Posterior Capsular Rupture during Phacoemulsification in Patients with the History of Anti-VEGF Intravitreal Injections: Results from the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study (PACORES) Group.

Purpose: To assess the risk for capsular rupture during routine phacoemulsification in patients with a history of anti-VEGF injections and other possible risk modifiers such as treatment patterns, type of anti-VEGF agent, and experience of the surgeon, among others.

Methods: This study reviewed the medical records of 11,129 patients from 7 different hospitals in 5 countries. The study included 939 patients that underwent routine phacoemulsification and had a history of anti-VEGF therapy.

Five-year outcomes after intravitreal bevacizumab of treatment-naive eyes with macular edema secondary to CRVO in routine clinical practice: Results of the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study (PACORES) group.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report the 5-year outcomes of treatment-naive eyes with cystoid macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion treated with intravitreal bevacizumab in routine clinical practice.

Methods: We conducted multicenter retrospective non-comparative case series of 102 eyes. The main outcome measured was the change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 5 years.

Sorcin Activates the Brain PMCA and Blocks the Inhibitory Effects of Molecular Markers of Alzheimer's Disease on the Pump Activity.

Since dysregulation of intracellular calcium (Ca) levels is a common occurrence in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), the study of proteins that can correct neuronal Ca dysregulation is of great interest. In previous work, we have shown that plasma membrane Ca-ATPase (PMCA), a high-affinity Ca pump, is functionally impaired in AD and is inhibited by amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and tau, two key components of pathological AD hallmarks. On the other hand, sorcin is a Ca-binding protein highly expressed in the brain, although its mechanism of action is far from being clear.

Early pars plana vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: update and review of current literature.

Purpose Of Review: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of preventable vision loss in the world and its prevalence continues to increase worldwide. One of the ultimate and visually impairing complications of DR is proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and subsequent tractional retinal detachment. Treatment modalities, surgical techniques, and a better understanding of the pathophysiology of DR and PDR continue to change the way we approach the disease.

Non-contact wide-angled visualization with chandelier-assisted scleral buckling for primary uncomplicated rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Purpose: To report our experience in non-contact wide-angled visualization with chandelier-assisted scleral buckling (SB) in uncomplicated primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRD).

Methods: Retrospective case series of 282 eyes that underwent non-contact wide-angled visualization with chandelier-assisted SB and were followed for a mean of 13.5 months.

Clinical comparison of 27-gauge and 23-gauge instruments on the outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy surgery for the treatment of vitreoretinal diseases.

Purpose Of Review: To compare outcomes of 27-gauge and 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for treatment of vitreoretinal diseases.

Recent Findings: Sixty-eight patients undergoing microincisional PPV for treatment of vitreoretinal diseases were randomized 1 : 1 to 27-gauge or 23-gauge surgery with a 7500 cuts-per-minute vitrectomy probe. The most common reasons for vitrectomy were epiretinal membrane (49%) and vitreous hemorrhage (24%).

Surgical Innovations in the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema and Diabetic Retinopathy.

Purpose Of Review: Diabetic macular edema (DME) and complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) are the primary causes of vision loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy. As the incidence of diabetes increases worldwide, new, cost-effective treatments for DME and PDR will become paramount. Currently, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) medications are considered first-line treatment.

Sub-internal limiting membrane hemorrhage associated with Weil's disease.

Purpose: Leptospirosis is a rare, typically tropical disease associated with water sources infected with rat urine. Symptoms can range from asymptomatic to a severe, deadly form known as Weil's disease, and ocular manifestations can arise. As global temperatures continue to rise, leptospirosis will become a larger problem worldwide.

Methylene Blue Blocks and Reverses the Inhibitory Effect of Tau on PMCA Function.

Methylene blue (MB) is a synthetic phenothiazine dye that, in the last years, has generated much debate about whether it could be a useful therapeutic drug for tau-related pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the molecular mechanism of action is far from clear. Recently we reported that MB activates the plasma membrane Ca-ATPase (PMCA) in membranes from human and pig tissues and from cells cultures, and that it could protect against inactivation of PMCA by amyloid β-peptide (Aβ).

Correction to: STIM1 deficiency is linked to Alzheimer's disease and triggers cell death in SH-SY5Y cells by upregulation of L-type voltage-operated Ca entry.

The original publication of this paper contains errors.

Preoperative Bevacizumab for Tractional Retinal Detachment in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial.

Purpose: To assess the effectiveness and safety of an intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg bevacizumab (IVB) as a preoperative adjunct to small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) compared with PPV alone in eyes with tractional retinal detachment secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Methods: This prospective, double-masked, randomized, multicenter, active-controlled clinical trial enrolled 224 eyes of 224 patients between November 2013 and July 2015.

STIM1 deficiency is linked to Alzheimer's disease and triggers cell death in SH-SY5Y cells by upregulation of L-type voltage-operated Ca entry.

Unlabelled: STIM1 is an endoplasmic reticulum protein with a role in Ca mobilization and signaling. As a sensor of intraluminal Ca levels, STIM1 modulates plasma membrane Ca channels to regulate Ca entry. In neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and in familial Alzheimer's disease patient skin fibroblasts, STIM1 is cleaved at the transmembrane domain by the presenilin-1-associated γ-secretase, leading to dysregulation of Ca homeostasis.

Methylene blue activates the PMCA activity and cross-interacts with amyloid β-peptide, blocking Aβ-mediated PMCA inhibition.

The phenothiazine methylene blue (MB) is attracting increasing attention because it seems to have beneficial effects in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among other factors, the presence of neuritic plaques of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) aggregates, neurofibrilar tangles of tau and perturbation of cytosolic Ca are important players of the disease. It has been proposed that MB decreases the formation of neuritic plaques due to Aβ aggregation.