Basil functional and growth responses when cultivated via different aquaponic and hydroponics systems.

Background: Aquaponics is an innovative farming system that combines hydroponics and aquaculture, resulting in the production of both crops and fish. Decoupled aquaponics is a new approach introduced in aquaponics research for the elimination of certain system bottlenecks, specifically targeting the optimization of crops and fish production conditions. The aquaponics-related literature predominantly examines the system's effects on crop productivity, largely overlooking the plant functional responses which underlie growth and yield performance.