The M muscarinic receptor, in association to M , regulates the neuromuscular PKA molecular dynamics.

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 1 subtype (M ) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 2 subtype (M ) presynaptic muscarinic receptor subtypes increase and decrease, respectively, neurotransmitter release at neuromuscular junctions. M involves protein kinase A (PKA), although the muscarinic regulation to form and inactivate the PKA holoenzyme is unknown. Here, we show that M signaling inhibits PKA by downregulating Cβ subunit, upregulating RIIα/β and liberating RIβ and RIIα to the cytosol.

PRE-CLINICAL SKILLS: A competency-based assessment integrated course implemented early in the curriculum to prepare second-year medical students prior to entering clinical settings.

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. This describes the experience of University School of Medicine (URV) with the early introduction of pre-clinical skills learning in the undergraduate medical curricula to monitor and assessing these competencies as a prerequisite for medical students accessing their training in clinical settings.

Synergistic Action of Presynaptic Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Adenosine Receptors in Developmental Axonal Competition at the Neuromuscular Junction.

The development of the nervous system involves the initial overproduction of synapses, which promotes connectivity. Hebbian competition between axons with different activities leads to the loss of roughly half of the overproduced elements and this refines connectivity. We used quantitative immunohistochemistry to investigate, in the postnatal day 7 (P7) to P9 neuromuscular junctions, the involvement of muscarinic receptors (muscarinic acetylcholine autoreceptors and the M1, M2, and M4 subtypes) and adenosine receptors (A1 and A2A subtypes) in the control of axonal elimination after the mouse levator auris longus muscle had been exposed to selective antagonists in vivo.

Adenosine A2B and A3 receptor location at the mouse neuromuscular junction.

To date, four subtypes of adenosine receptors have been cloned (A(1)R, A(2A)R, A(2B)R, and A(3)R). In a previous study we used confocal immunocytochemistry to identify A(1)R and A(2A)R receptors at mouse neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). The data shows that these receptors are localized differently in the three cells (muscle, nerve and glia) that configure the NMJs.

Synaptic activity-related classical protein kinase C isoform localization in the adult rat neuromuscular synapse.

Protein kinase C (PKC) is essential for signal transduction in a variety of cells, including neurons and myocytes, and is involved in both acetylcholine release and muscle fiber contraction. Here, we demonstrate that the increases in synaptic activity by nerve stimulation couple PKC to transmitter release in the rat neuromuscular junction and increase the level of alpha, betaI, and betaII isoforms in the membrane when muscle contraction follows the stimulation. The phosphorylation activity of these classical PKCs also increases.