Challenges and Perspectives Regarding the Determination of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers During Orthodontic Treatment: A Narrative Review.

Changes in the positions of teeth occur during orthodontic treatment due to the application of forces that cause restructuring of the periodontal tissue. In the last decade, substantial research has been conducted to detect different biomarkers in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to obtain a better assessment of the periodontal status. The purpose of this review is to describe how the levels of certain biomarkers from the gingival fluid change during tissue remodeling throughout orthodontic treatment.

Clinical and Microbiological Periodontal Biofilm Evaluation of Patients with Type I Diabetes.

The purpose of this study was to assess the microbial composition and density of subgingival plaque samples for periodontal pathogens while correlating the values with glycemic control levels via glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), a type of hemoglobin that has chemically linked glucose, in type I diabetes individuals who will undergo complex oral rehabilitation through orthodontic treatment and implant surgery. A cohort of 42 adults with type I diabetes were included in this study. The subjects sustained a comprehensive periodontal clinical examination as well as microbiological assessments of their subgingival plaque samples through quantitative real-time PCR.

Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) and Obesity-Induced Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and, subsequently, decreased insulin secretion. This condition is closely linked to obesity, a major risk factor that boosts the development of chronic systemic inflammation, which, in turn, is recognized for its crucial role in the onset of insulin resistance. Under conditions of obesity, adipose tissue, particularly visceral fat, becomes an active endocrine organ that releases a wide range of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and adipokines.

Assessment of Periodontitis Risk Factors in Endodontically Treated Teeth: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The aim of the study was to collect data about the prevalence and risk factors of apical periodontitis in a population of endodontically treated patients. The study group included 151 patients (52 males, 99 females; mean age 48.36 ± 15.

Influence of Diabetes Mellitus and Smoking on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Gingival Crevicular Fluid.

Smoking and diabetes mellitus have been recognized as significant modifying factors of the evolution of periodontitis, being considered at the moment as descriptive factors in the periodontitis grading system. The purpose of this study was to assess the consequence of smoking, type 2 diabetes, and the combination of these two factors on clinical periodontal parameters, on the levels of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and also on ratios of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines by using a commercially available kit-based multiplex fluorescent immunoassay. The study was carried out on 124 volunteers (control (C) group = 29, diabetes mellitus (DM) group = 32, smoking (S) group = 31, and S + DM group = 32).

The Role of Natural Compounds in Optimizing Contemporary Dental Treatment-Current Status and Future Trends.

For a long period of time, natural remedies were the only ailment available for a multitude of diseases, and they have proven effective even after the emergence of modern medicine. Due to their extremely high prevalence, oral and dental disorders and anomalies are recognized as major public health concerns. Herbal medicine is the practice of using plants with therapeutic characteristics for the purpose of disease prevention and treatment.

Oral and Periodontal Risk Factors of Prosthetic Success for 3-Unit Natural Tooth-Supported Bridges versus Implant-Supported Fixed Dental Prostheses.

The goals of this research are: (1) to compare the survival and prosthetic success of metal-ceramic 3-unit tooth- versus implant-supported fixed dental prostheses; (2) to evaluate the influence of several risk factors on the prosthetic success of tooth- and implant-supported fixed dental prostheses (FPDs). A total of 68 patients with posterior short edentulous spaces (mean age 61.00 ± 1.

The Bidirectional Relationship between Periodontal Disease and Diabetes Mellitus-A Review.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the presence of a bacterial biofilm known as dental plaque. This biofilm affects the supporting apparatus of the teeth, especially the periodontal ligaments and the bone surrounding the teeth. Periodontal disease and diabetes seem to be interrelated and in a bidirectional relationship, and have been increasingly studied in recent decades.

The Effectiveness of Laser Applications and Photodynamic Therapy on Relevant Periodontal Pathogens () Associated with Immunomodulating Anti-rheumatic Drugs.

Considering the current context of the increasing resistance of bacterial species to antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents, a major objective is to develop other antimicrobial approaches, which would be able to inactivate pathogens with considerable effectiveness. Two such methods are photodynamic disinfection therapy and laser irradiation. In view of the immunocompromised status of some patients under immunosuppressive therapy and potential drug interactions that can be established between systemic antimicrobial agents, the research of local, minimally invasive methods of inactivating periodontal pathogens in the context of these systemic therapies with modifying drugs of the immune response is justified.

Effects of Laser Therapy on Periodontal Status in Adult Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment.

Orthodontic treatment with fixed devices should only be indicated in case of a stable, non-active periodontal disease status. Throughout orthodontic treatment, a careful assessment of the periodontal status is advised. Due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, laser therapy is frequently used as an adjunct to classic periodontal therapy.

Effects of Laser Application on Alveolar Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Osteoblasts: An In Vitro Study.

Unlabelled: Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the bone marrow have a great differentiation potential, being able to produce many cell lines, including osteoblasts. Osteoblasts have an important role in bone remodeling by actively participating in the maturation and mineralization of the extracellular matrix. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of laser application on the viability and proliferation of osteoblasts.

3D Printed and Bioprinted Membranes and Scaffolds for the Periodontal Tissue Regeneration: A Narrative Review.

Numerous technologies and materials were developed with the aim of repairing and reconstructing the tissue loss in patients with periodontitis. Periodontal guided bone regeneration (GBR) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) involves the use of a membrane which prevents epithelial cell migration, and helps to maintain the space, creating a protected area in which tissue regeneration is favored. Over the time, manufacturing procedures of such barrier membranes followed important improvements.

Assessment of Pulpal Status in Primary Teeth Following Direct Pulp Capping in an Experimental Canine Model.

(1) Background: This study aimed to assess the pulpal response of primary teeth by pulse-oximetry (PO) in a canine model, following direct pulp capping (DPC). (2) Methods: Forty-eight primary teeth from eight canine subjects were divided into three treatment groups, based on the DPC material—calcium hydroxide (CH), MTA, BiodentineTM)—and three corresponding control groups. Data from PO pulp testing were correlated with laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) testing, computer tomographic (CT) densitometry and histological analysis; the experiment lasted 14 days.

Advances in Periodontal Pathogens.

Even though periodontitis is considered an infectious disease, there are a number of factors that distinguish it from other infectious diseases: it is not the result of infection with an individual pathogen, but rather the consequence of a modified microbial community interaction with the host organism [...

The Effects of 810 nm Diode Laser and Indocyanine Green on Periodontal Parameters and HbA1c in Patients with Periodontitis and Type II Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of adjunctive periodontal therapy of 5 mg/mL indocyanine green irradiation by an 810 nm diode laser (aPDT), supplementary to scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with periodontitis and type II diabetes mellitus (DM) compared to the SRP alone, on periodontal clinical parameters and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The study was conducted on 49 subjects with type II DM and periodontitis, divided into two groups: the SRP group (n = 25), who followed SRP alone, and the SRP + aPDT group (n = 24), who followed SRP and four weekly sessions of indocyanine green irradiation by an 810 nm diode laser. Plaque Index (PI), Bleeding on Probing Index (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and HbA1c were investigated at baseline and after 6 months.

Odontogenic Sinusitis: From Diagnosis to Treatment Possibilities-A Narrative Review of Recent Data.

The maxillary sinus is a structure at the border of specialties: otorhinolaryngology and maxillofacial surgery. Due to this fact, regarding etiology, it can be affected by both the rhinogenic and odontogenic path and can impose diagnostic difficulties. The etiopathogenic mechanisms that can affect the Schneiderian membrane are mainly inflammatory, iatrogenic, traumatic, and tumorous in nature.

Effects of Locally Delivered Minocycline Microspheres in Postmenopausal Female Patients with Periodontitis: A Clinical and Microbiological Study.

The postmenopausal period, due to low hormonal concentrations, can exert a negative influence on both periodontitis and osteoporosis evolution. The present study aimed to identify potential clinical and microbiological benefic effects of locally delivered minocycline microspheres (Arestin) in post-menopausal female patients with moderate and severe periodontitis. Probing depth, clinical attachment levels and bleeding on probing index, along with BANA tests for , , and , were performed before and at 3 months after a combined treatment of scaling, root planing (SRP), and Arestin placed in deep periodontal pockets.

The Effect of Acknowledged and Novel Anti-Rheumatic Therapies on Periodontal Tissues-A Narrative Review.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontal disease (PD) are chronic complex inflammatory diseases with several common susceptibility factors, especially genetic and environmental risk factors. Although both disorders involve a perturbation of the immune-inflammatory response at multiple levels, one major difference between the two is the different locations in which they develop. RA is triggered by an exaggerated autoimmune response that targets joints, while periodontal disease occurs as a consequence of the subgingival periodontopathogenic microbiota.

Correlations between Salivary Immuno-Biochemical Markers and HbA1c in Type 2 Diabetes Subjects before and after Dental Extraction.

Dental extraction can trigger certain sequences of complex processes that involve both hard (alveolar bone) and soft tissue (periodontal ligament, gingiva) remodeling. Type 2 diabetes is a serious risk factor for many oral pathologies, both in terms of progression and severity, but also regarding subsequent rehabilitation possibilities. The aim of this study was to establish whether certain molecules: osteoprotegerin (OPG), kappa B nuclear factor receptor activator ligand (RANKL), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 18 (IL-18), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and oxidative stress markers-total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC)-evaluated in saliva are modified post-extraction in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects and whether there is a correlation with HbA1c levels.

Clindamycin as an Alternative Option in Optimizing Periodontal Therapy.

Periodontal disease is an oral infectious and inflammatory disease caused by microorganisms that determine the host-mediated destruction of soft and hard periodontal tissues, which ultimately leads to tooth loss. Periodontitis affects a large part of the population, with various degrees of severity. Treatment consists of etiologic therapy: the removal of biofilm through mechanical debridement plus microbial elimination by supplementary measures.

Microbiologic Profiles of Patients with Dental Prosthetic Treatment and Periodontitis before and after Photoactivation Therapy-Randomized Clinical Trial.

Fixed prosthodontic dental restorations can potentially affect the periodontal tissues and vice versa, the periodontium can influence the longevity and esthetic appearance of dental restorations. We proposed an investigation on total bacterial load, specific periodontal pathogens, and periodontal clinical parameters in patients with dental fixed prosthesis and different degrees of periodontal tissue loss that followed photoactivation therapy (PDT) adjunctive to scaling and root planing. The study was conducted on 160 subjects, which were randomly assigned to scaling and root planing (SRP) alone (52 subjects, 256 sites), SRP and chlorhexidine rinsing (58 subjects, 276 sites), and SRP plus PDT (50 subjects, 318 sites).

Role of adjunctive therapy with subantimicrobial doses of doxycycline in glycemic control (HbA1c) in patients with diabetes and endo-periodontal lesions to prevent sinus complications.

The present study aimed to analyze local and regional changes in regards to odontogenic sinusitis in subjects with endo-periodontal lesions and diabetes mellitus and to investigate the effect on the level of glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin) that could be generated by adjunctive therapy with subantimicrobial doses of doxycycline. This study was performed on 51 subjects with diabetes who were divided into two therapeutic groups: 31 patients with diabetes (the study group) who underwent conventional endo-periodontal therapy and subantimicrobial doses of doxycycline and 20 patients with diabetes who followed only conventional endo-periodontal therapy (the control group). Patients underwent endodontic and periodontal clinical examination, with retro-dental-alveolar radiographs and CBCT examinations.

Salivary Metalloproteinase-8 and Metalloproteinase-9 Evaluation in Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment before and after Periodontal Therapy.

(1) Background: Metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are members of a family of proteases of major importance during orthodontic tooth movement. Their levels increase during orthodontic therapy and in periodontally affected tissues. Orthodontic fixed appliances retain dental plaque and can cause gingival inflammation.