Fetal MRI at 3 T: Principles to Optimize Success.

Fetal MRI has emerged as a cornerstone of prenatal imaging, helping to establish the correct diagnosis in pregnancies affected by congenital anomalies. In the past decade, 3 T imaging was introduced as an alternative to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the pulse sequences and improve anatomic detail. However, imaging at a higher field strength is not without challenges.

Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy: Practical Concepts for Radiologists.

Brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP) is classified as a preganglionic or postganglionic injury based on the site of injury. Most patients recover spontaneously and are followed up with clinical evaluation; however, permanent sequelae are not uncommon. For patients with persistent neurologic deficits, clinical and radiologic evaluation is crucial.

Humeral lesser tuberosity avulsion fractures - magnetic resonance imaging characteristics in the pediatric population.

Background: Avulsion fractures of the humeral lesser tuberosity are rare injuries in skeletally immature patients and can pose a diagnostic challenge that often leads to delayed identification.

Objective: To describe the demographics, mechanism of injury and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of lesser tuberosity avulsion fractures in children.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective search of children with lesser tuberosity avulsion fractures on MRI was done.

Musculoskeletal Outside Interpretation (MOI-RADS): an automated quality assurance tool to prospectively track discrepancies in second-opinion interpretations in musculoskeletal imaging.

Objective: To implement an automated quality assurance tool to prospectively track discrepancies in musculoskeletal (MSK) exams submitted for second-opinion radiology interpretation at a tertiary center.

Methods: From 2013 to 2020, a standardized template was included in re-interpretation MSK reports, and a concordance assessment compared with primary interpretation was assigned. Analysis of standardized template implementation and discordance rates was performed.

Implantable venous access devices in children with severe hemophilia: a tertiary pediatric institutional experience.

Background: Clotting factor replacement forms the pillar of treatment for children with hemophilia. Most children can be treated using peripheral venipuncture, but very young children and children with poor venous access might require a central venous catheter. Short-term and long-term complications of implantable venous access device placement (also known as port placement) can result in important morbidity and mortality in children with hemophilia.

Correlation between diffusion tensor imaging parameters of the distal femoral physis and adjacent metaphysis, and subsequent adolescent growth.

Background: Diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) depicts the movement of water through columns of cartilage and newly formed bone and provides information about velocity of growth and growth potential.

Objective: To determine the correlation between DTI tractography parameters of the distal femoral physis and metaphysis and the height change after DTI in pubertal and post-pubertal children.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively analyzed DTI images of the knee in 47 children with a mean age of 14.

Relationship of renal apparent diffusion coefficient and functional MR urography in children with pelvicalyceal dilation.

Objective: The aim is to evaluate the age-related changes and relationship of renal apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) against the morphological and functional changes detected by functional magnetic resonance urography (fMRU) in children with pelvicalyceal dilation, with suspected or known ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively analyzed fMRUs with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the kidney in 35 subjects (25 males; median age: 7.1 years, range: 0.

Normal meniscal dimensions at different patient ages-MRI evaluation.

Objective: The purpose of this work is to evaluate the normal meniscal and tibial dimensions in relation to age and gender in different children using conventional MRI sequences.

Materials And Methods: Morphometric measurements of the menisci were retrospectively performed on knee MRIs of children (< 18 years). All knee MRIs over a 7-year period were collected.

Effect of Intravenous Administration of Contrast Media on Serum Creatinine Levels in Neonates.

Purpose To assess the effect of intravenous contrast media on renal function in neonates. Materials and Methods Institutional review board approval was obtained with waiver of consent. Electronic health records from January 2011 to April 2013 were reviewed retrospectively.

Diffusion-Tensor Imaging of the Physes: A Possible Biomarker for Skeletal Growth-Experience with 151 Children.

Purpose To determine the changes of diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography in the distal femur and proximal tibia related to age, sex, and height. Materials and Methods Following institutional review board approval, with waiver of consent and with HIPAA compliance, the authors retrospectively analyzed DTI images of the knee in 151 children, 73 girls (median age, 14.1 years; range, 6.

Learning, technology and intellectual property: a survey of the philosophies and preferences of our trainees and peers.

Background: Increasing workloads threaten the quality of teaching in academic radiology practices. There is a wealth of unfiltered educational resources for radiology on the internet. As a digital native, today's radiology trainee may have differing opinions from teachers about learning and intellectual property.

Ultrasound Tutorials in Under 10 Minutes: Experience and Results.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to validate the use of web-based tutorials to teach technical skills in pediatric ultrasound.

Materials And Methods: A series of 10 video tutorials, each of which was less than 10 minutes long, was created to improve the education of radiology trainees in terms of their ultrasound technique. Pediatric radiology fellow trainees from our institution in the United States and radiology resident trainees from our partner institution in Ethiopia were invited to participate in the study.

Utility of unenhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted MRI in children with sickle cell disease -- can it differentiate bone infarcts from acute osteomyelitis?

Background: Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at risk of bone infarcts and acute osteomyelitis. The clinical differentiation between a bone infarct and acute osteomyelitis is a diagnostic challenge. Unenhanced T1-W fat-saturated MR images have been proposed as a potential tool to differentiate bone infarcts from osteomyelitis.

Diagnostic Performance of Whole-Body MRI as a Tool for Cancer Screening in Children With Genetic Cancer-Predisposing Conditions.

Objective: Children with cancer-predisposing conditions are at increased risk to develop and die of cancer. Limited data exist on the utility of whole-body MRI as a cancer screening tool in children. In this study, we examined the diagnostic performance of whole-body MRI as a mechanism of tumor surveillance for children at increased genetic risk for cancer.

Common Patterns of Congenital Lower Extremity Shortening: Diagnosis, Classification, and Follow-up.

Congenital lower limb shortening is a group of relatively rare, heterogeneous disorders. Proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD) and fibular hemimelia (FH) are the most common pathologic entities in this disease spectrum. PFFD is characterized by variable degrees of shortening or absence of the femoral head, with associated dysplasia of the acetabulum and femoral shaft.

Quantification of Bone Marrow Involvement in Treated Gaucher Disease With Proton MR Spectroscopy: Correlation With Bone Marrow MRI Scores and Clinical Status.

Objective: The objective of our study was to use proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) to quantitatively evaluate bone marrow infiltration by measuring the fat fraction (FF) and to compare the FF with semiquantitative bone marrow MRI scores and clinical status in children treated for type 1 Gaucher disease (GD).

Subjects And Methods: Over a 2-year period, we prospectively evaluated 10 treated GD patients (six males, four females; median age, 15.1 years) and 10 healthy age-matched control subjects (five males, five females; median age, 15.

Overuse injuries in children.

There has been a substantial increase in the number of children participating in organized competitive sports, which has led to a surge in the number of both acute and overuse injuries. To prevent further complications such as limb deformity and disability, radiologists must be familiar with typical overuse injury patterns in children. Traction apophysitis, chronic physeal injury, and stress fractures are the principal overuse injuries.

Optimizing functional MR urography: prime time for a 30-minutes-or-less fMRU.

Background: Current protocols for functional MR urography (fMRU) require long scan times, limiting its widespread use.

Objective: Our goal was to use pre-defined criteria to reduce the number of sequences and thus the examination time without compromising the morphological and functional results.

Materials And Methods: The standard fMRU protocol in our department consists of eight sequences, including a 17-min dynamic post-contrast scan.

Reference values of MRI measurements of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct in children.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging/cholangiopancreatography (MRI/MRCP) is now an essential imaging modality for the evaluation of biliary and pancreatic pathology in children, but there are no data depicting the normal diameters of the common bile duct (CBD) and pancreatic duct. Recognition of abnormal duct size is important and the increasing use of MRCP necessitates normal MRI measurements.

Objective: To present normal MRI measurements for the common bile duct and pancreatic duct in children.

Dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the proximal femur: preliminary experience in healthy children.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to use dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to evaluate the perfusion characteristics of the proximal femur in the growing skeleton.

Materials And Methods: We evaluated 159 subjects (mean age, 5.67 years) who underwent a well-controlled protocol of contrast-enhanced MRI of the abdomen and hips.

Diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging and pre-surgical evaluation in the assessment of traumatic intra-articular knee disorders in children and adolescents: what conditions still pose diagnostic challenges?

Background: Diagnosis of intra-articular lesions in children based on clinical examination and MRI is particularly challenging.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of MRI and pre-surgical evaluation of the knee in pediatric patients relative to arthroscopic evaluation as the gold standard. We report diagnoses frequently missed or inaccurately diagnosed pre-operatively.

Bilateral agenesis of the anterior cruciate ligament: MRI evaluation.

Bilateral agenesis of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is extremely rare. We describe a 13-year-old girl who presented with bilateral knee pain without history of trauma; she has two family members with knee instability. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral absence of the ACL, and medial posterior horn meniscal tears.