Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a therapeutic procedure performed over a wide range of donor and recipient age combinations, representing natural experiments of how the age of the recipient affects aging in transplanted donor cells in vivo. We measured DNA methylation and epigenetic aging in donors and recipients and found that biological epigenetic clocks are accelerated in cells transplanted into an older body and decelerated in a younger body. This is the first evidence that the age of the circulating environment influences human epigenetic aging in vivo.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Cri du chat (also called 5p deletion, or monosomy 5p) syndrome is a genetic disease caused by deletions of various lengths in the short (p) arm of chromosome 5. Genetic analysis and phenotyping have been used to suggest dose-sensitive genes in this region that may cause symptoms when a gene copy is lost, but the heterogeneity of symptoms for patients with similar deletions complicates the picture. The epigenetics of the syndrome has only recently been looked at with DNA methylation measurements of blood from a single patient, suggesting epigenetic changes in these patients.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAn understanding of land plant evolution is a prerequisite for in-depth knowledge of plant biology. Here we extract and explore information hidden in the increasing number of sequenced plant genomes, from bryophytes to angiosperms, to elucidate a specific biological question-how peptide signaling evolved. To conquer land and cope with changing environmental conditions, plants have gone through transformations that must have required innovations in cell-to-cell communication.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe root cap protects the stem cell niche of angiosperm roots from damage. In Arabidopsis, lateral root cap (LRC) cells covering the meristematic zone are regularly lost through programmed cell death, while the outermost layer of the root cap covering the tip is repeatedly sloughed. Efficient coordination with stem cells producing new layers is needed to maintain a constant size of the cap.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn living organisms, physical interaction of ligand molecules with their cognate receptors is an indispensable requirement for the initiation of cellular signaling pathways. To technically prove the biochemical interaction of ligands with their corresponding receptor, a biologically active but labeled peptide is required. Easily scorable bioassays, such as the production of reactive oxygen species, can be used to quantify the activity of a peptide.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPlants constantly renew during their life cycle and thus require to shed senescent and damaged organs. Floral abscission is controlled by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) HAESA and the peptide hormone IDA. It is unknown how expression of IDA in the abscission zone leads to HAESA activation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOrgan abscission is an important process in plant development and reproduction. During abscission, changes in cellular adhesion of specialized abscission zone cells ensure the detachment of infected organs or those no longer serving a function to the plant. In addition, abscission also plays an important role in the release of ripe fruits.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, over 1000 putative genes encoding small, presumably secreted, signalling peptides can be recognized. However, a major obstacle in identifying the function of genes encoding small signalling peptides is the limited number of available loss-of-function mutants. To overcome this, a promising new tool, antagonistic peptide technology, was recently developed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPeptide signals have emerged as an important class of regulators in cell-to-cell communication in plants. Several families of small, secreted proteins with a conserved C-terminal Pro-rich motif have been identified as functional peptide signals in Arabidopsis thaliana. These proteins are presumed to be trimmed proteolytically and undergo posttranslational modifications, such as hydroxylation of Pro residues and glycosylation, to form mature, bioactive signals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn contrast to animals, plants continuously produce new organs, such as leaves, flowers, and lateral roots (LRs), and may shed organs that have served their purpose. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana the peptide INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA) signals through the leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) HAESA (HAE), and HAESA-LIKE2 (HSL2) to control the abscission of floral organs after pollination. Recent work from other plant species indicates that this signalling system is conserved and could regulate leaf abscission in soybean and tomato.
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