Long-term cortisol levels measured in scalp hair of obese patients.

Objective: In obese subjects a relatively high cortisol output in urine has been observed compared to nonobese individuals. However, cortisol levels in blood, saliva, and urine in association with obesity have been inconsistent across studies, possibly due to the high variability of systemic cortisol levels. Cortisol levels measured in scalp hair provide a marker for long-term cortisol exposure, and have been associated with cardiovascular disease in an elderly population and to disease course in Cushing's disease.

Increased scalp hair cortisol concentrations in obese children.

Context: Pathologically increased cortisol exposure induces obesity, but it is not known whether relatively high cortisol within the physiological range is related to childhood obesity.

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare hair cortisol concentrations between obese and normal-weight children.

Design: We performed an observational case-control study.

Parenteral lipid administration to very-low-birth-weight infants--early introduction of lipids and use of new lipid emulsions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The use of intravenous lipid emulsions in preterm infants has been limited by concerns regarding impaired lipid tolerance. As a result, the time of initiation of parenteral lipid infusion to very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants varies widely among different neonatal intensive care units. However, lipids provide energy for protein synthesis and supply essential fatty acids that are necessary for central nervous system development.

Gluconeogenesis and protein-induced satiety.

Increased gluconeogenesis (GNG) has been suggested to contribute to protein-induced satiety via modulation of glucose homoeostasis. The objective was to determine GNG and appetite in healthy human subjects after a high-protein v. a normal-protein diet and to assess whether GNG contributes to protein-induced satiety.

Presence or absence of carbohydrates and the proportion of fat in a high-protein diet affect appetite suppression but not energy expenditure in normal-weight human subjects fed in energy balance.

Two types of relatively high-protein diets, with a normal or low proportion of carbohydrates, have been shown effective for weight loss. The objective was to assess the significance of the presence or absence of carbohydrates and the proportion of fat in high-protein diets for affecting appetite suppression, energy expenditure, and fat oxidation in normal-weight subjects in energy balance. Subjects (aged 23 (sd 3) years and BMI 22·0 (sd 1·9) kg/m2) were stratified in two groups.

Single-protein casein and gelatin diets affect energy expenditure similarly but substrate balance and appetite differently in adults.

Increasing the protein content of a diet results in increased satiety and energy expenditure (EE). It is not clear whether the magnitude of these effects differs between proteins differing in concentrations of indispensable amino acids (IAA). We hypothesized that a protein lacking IAA may stimulate appetite suppression and EE and may limit positive protein balance.

Pharmacological and physiological growth hormone stimulation tests to predict successful GH therapy in children.

Although the current use of growth hormone (GH) stimulation tests (GHSTs) is still subject to debate, the tests are widely used to diagnose GH deficiency. This literature review evaluates primarily the sensitivity, specificity and reliability of GHSTs and secondarily their convenience. Single pharmacological tests typically address only a single pathway in the complex physiological regulation of GH secretion and are therefore characterized by lower sensitivity, specificity and reliability than combined pharmacological tests or physiological tests.

Association between intake of dietary protein and 3-year-change in body growth among normal and overweight 6-year-old boys and girls (CoSCIS).

Objective: Growth hormone (GH) affects linear growth and body composition, by increasing the secretion of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), muscle protein synthesis and lipolysis. The intake of protein (PROT) as well as the specific amino acids arginine (ARG) and lysine (LYS) stimulates GH/IGF-I secretion. The present paper aimed to investigate associations between PROT intake as well as intake of the specific amino acids ARG and LYS, and subsequent 3-year-change in linear growth and body composition among 6-year-old children.

Gluconeogenesis and energy expenditure after a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet.

Background: High-protein diets have been shown to increase energy expenditure (EE).

Objective: The objective was to study whether a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet (H diet) increases gluconeogenesis and whether this can explain the increase in EE.

Design: Ten healthy men with a mean (+/-SEM) body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 23.

Association between dietary protein and change in body composition among children (EYHS).

Background & Aims: Growth hormone (GH) affects body composition by a relatively reduced fat mass and increased fat free mass. The intake of protein as well as the specific amino acids arginine and lysine potently stimulate GH secretion. This study investigated associations between intakes of protein, arginine, lysine and subsequent 6-year change in body composition among 8-10-year-old children.

Dose-dependent satiating effect of whey relative to casein or soy.

Dietary protein plays a role in body weight regulation, partly because of its effects on appetite. The objective was to compare the effects of high or normal casein-, soy-, or whey-protein breakfasts on appetite, specific hormones, amino acid responses and subsequent energy intake. Twenty-five healthy subjects (mean+/-SEMBMI:23.

A breakfast with alpha-lactalbumin, gelatin, or gelatin + TRP lowers energy intake at lunch compared with a breakfast with casein, soy, whey, or whey-GMP.

Background & Aims: Dietary protein plays a role in body weight regulation, partly due to its effects on satiety. The objective was to compare the effects of casein-, soy-, whey-, whey without glycomacropeptide (GMP)-, alpha-lactalbumin-, gelatin-, or gelatin with tryptophan (TRP)-protein breakfasts at two concentrations on subsequent satiety and energy intake (EI).

Methods: Twenty-four healthy subjects (mean+/-SEM BMI: 24.

Comparison of 2 diets with either 25% or 10% of energy as casein on energy expenditure, substrate balance, and appetite profile.

Background: An increase in the protein content of a diet results in an increase in satiety and energy expenditure. It is not clear to what extent a specific type of protein has such effects.

Objective: The objective was to compare the effects of 2 diets with either 25% or 10% of energy from casein (25En% and 10En% casein diets), as the only protein source, on energy expenditure, substrate balance, and appetite profile.

Effects of high and normal soyprotein breakfasts on satiety and subsequent energy intake, including amino acid and 'satiety' hormone responses.

Background: The role of dietary protein in short term satiety is of interest with respect to body weight regulation.

Aim: To compare the effects of a high versus a normal soyprotein breakfast on satiety and subsequent energy intake (EI), including 'satiety' hormones and plasma amino acid responses.

Methods: Twenty-five healthy subjects (mean +/- SEM, BMI: 23.

Effects of complete whey-protein breakfasts versus whey without GMP-breakfasts on energy intake and satiety.

Aim: To compare the effects of whey versus whey without glycomacropeptide (GMP) in a high and a normal amount of protein in a breakfast custard on satiety and energy intake (EI), taking concentrations of amino acids (AA), glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and ghrelin into account.

Methods: Twenty-five healthy subjects (mean+/-S.E.

Acute effects of breakfasts containing alpha-lactalbumin, or gelatin with or without added tryptophan, on hunger, 'satiety' hormones and amino acid profiles.

Proteins are the most satiating macronutrients. Tryptophan (TRP) may contribute to the satiating effect, as it serves as a precursor for the anorexigenic neurotransmitter serotonin. To address the role of TRP in the satiating properties of dietary protein, we compared three different breakfasts, containing either alpha-lactalbumin (high in TRP), gelatin (low in TRP) or gelatin with added TRP (gelatin+TRP, high in TRP), on appetite.

Comparison of the effects of a high- and normal-casein breakfast on satiety, 'satiety' hormones, plasma amino acids and subsequent energy intake.

The present study compared the effects of a high- and normal-casein-protein breakfast on satiety, 'satiety' hormones, plasma amino acid responses and subsequent energy intake. Twenty-five healthy subjects (BMI 23.9 (SEM 0.