Socio-economic differences in cardiometabolic risk markers are mediated by diet and body fatness in 8- to 11-year-old Danish children: a cross-sectional study.

Objective: To explore whether socio-economic differences exist in cardiometabolic risk markers in children and whether lifestyle-related factors potentially mediate these differences.

Design: Cross-sectional study including measurements of fasting blood lipids, glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), blood pressure and heart rate. Potential mediators examined were fat mass index (FMI); intakes of fruit, vegetables, dietary fibre and added sugar; whole-blood n-3 long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) as a biomarker of fish intake; and physical activity and sedentary time.

Disparities in dietary habits and physical activity in Denmark and trends from 1995 to 2008.

Aims: To examine social disparities in dietary-, alcohol- and leisure-time physical activity habits in Danish adults from 1995 to 2008 and to test the hypothesis of widening disparities.

Methods: Four cross-sectional surveys of representative samples of the Danish population aged 20-75 years were analysed, a total of 7900 respondents. Dietary and alcohol habits were measured by a 7-day pre-coded food diary and physical activity and education by a face-to-face interview.

Trends in overweight and obesity in Danish children and adolescents: 2000-2008--exploring changes according to parental education.

Aims: To examine the hypotheses that an overall levelling off in the prevalence of overweight and obesity during the period 2000-2008 has occurred, and that increasing social inequality in overweight and obesity exists in a nationally representative sample of Danish children and adolescents.

Methods: The population comprised a random sample of 1849 children aged 4-14 years who participated in the Danish National Survey of Diet and Physical Activity in 2000-2002, 2003-2004 and 2005-2008. Parental education was chosen as an indicator of children's socioeconomic status.

Misperception of body weight among overweight Danish adults: trends from 1995 to 2008.

Objective: To examine changes in the prevalence of overweight and weight misperception among overweight Danes from 1995 to 2008, and to identify factors associated with weight misperception.

Design: Cross-sectional studies, in which data on self-reported weight, height and self-perception of overweight status were obtained through face-to-face interviews. 'Overweight' includes obesity.

Relationship between sleep duration and dietary intake in 4- to 14-year-old Danish children.

A negative association between sleep duration and BMI has been observed in children. However, knowledge about the association between sleep duration and diet is limited. The objective was to examine the association between sleep duration and intake of foods and nutrients in children.

Evaluation of dietary intake in Danish adults by means of an index based on food-based dietary guidelines.

Background: Data on dietary intake and physical activity has been collected from a representative sample of the Danish population from 2003-2008.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to describe the habitual diet in Denmark and to evaluate the overall diet quality using a diet quality index based on the National Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG), which consists of seven guidelines regarding diet and one regarding physical activity.

Design: Data from the Danish National Survey of Diet and Physical Activity 2003-2008 (n=3354) were included.

Comparison of estimated energy intake from 2×24-hour recalls and a seven-day food record with objective measurements of energy expenditure in children.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate energy intake (EI) estimated from two non-consecutive 24-hour recalls (24-HDRs) and a pre-coded seven-day food record (7-dFR) against objective measurements of energy expenditure (EE) in children.

Design: A total of 67 7-8 year-olds and 64 12-13 year-olds completed the 2×24-HDRs, the 7-dFR, and wore ActiReg(®) (PreMed AS, Oslo, Norway), a combined position and motion recording instrument, during the same seven days as the 7-dFR was filled in.

Results: In the 7-8 year-olds, EI from the 2×24-HDRs (EI(2×24-HDR)) was overestimated with 3% compared to EE (not significantly different), while EI from the 7-dFR (EI(7-dFR)) was underestimated with 7% compared to EE (P=0.

Validation of the Danish 7-day pre-coded food diary among adults: energy intake v. energy expenditure and recording length.

Under-reporting of energy intake (EI) is a well-known problem when measuring dietary intake in free-living populations. The present study aimed at quantifying misreporting by comparing EI estimated from the Danish pre-coded food diary against energy expenditure (EE) measured with a validated position-and-motion instrument (ActiReg). Further, the influence of recording length on EI:BMR, percentage consumers, the number of meal occasions and recorded food items per meal was examined.

[Association between alcohol intake and diet quality].

Introduction: Since 1995 the Danish national dietary surveys have shown an increased alcohol intake in the Danish population. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between diet quality, alcohol intake and drinking pattern.

Material And Methods: The Danish National Dietary Survey 2000-2002 included 3,151 adults (1,684 women, 1,467 men; 18-75 years).

Diet quality: associations with health messages included in the Danish Dietary Guidelines 2005, personal attitudes and social factors.

Objective: To study the association between diet quality and the new health messages in the Danish Dietary Guidelines 2005, i.e. 'Eat a varied diet', 'Engage in regular physical activity' and 'Maintain a healthy body weight'.

Comparison of the Danish Physical Activity Questionnaire with a validated position and motion instrument.

Objective: To compare the Danish Physical Activity Questionnaire (DPAQ) estimating physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and physical activity level (PAL) and the pattern of physical activity (including health-related physical activity) with measurements from a validated position and motion instrument (ActiReg).

Methods: One hundred and thirty-eight healthy Danish volunteers aged 20-59 years participated. Participants filled in the DPAQ at the end of the day every day for seven consecutive days and carried the ActiReg on the same days as the DPAQ were filled in.

The intake of saturated fat and dietary fibre: a possible indicator of diet quality.

The aim of the present study was to assess if a simple dietary quality index (SDQI) is a useful indicator for nutritional quality in the Danish diet. Data from the Danish National Dietary Survey 2000-2 for adults (n 3151; age 18-75 years) were used to construct an SDQI based on the intake of dietary fibre and saturated fat. The SDQI was used to rank the individuals into three subgroups: the 25 % closest in meeting the recommended intakes of saturated fat and dietary fibre (compliers), the 25 % furthest away (non-compliers) and the 50 % in between (intermediates).

Use of butter and cheese in 10 European countries: a case of contrasting educational differences.

Background: This paper aims to analyse socioeconomic variation in the use of cheese and butter in Europe by reviewing existing dietary surveys. It explores whether socioeconomic differences in the intake of these foods follow a similar pattern in all countries.

Methods: An overview of available studies on socioeconomic differences in food habits in Europe over the period 1985-1997 was performed.