Greater time spent with HbA1c less than 7.0% with oral semaglutide versus oral comparators: An exploratory analysis of the PIONEER studies.

Aim: To assess how long participants with type 2 diabetes spent with HbA1c less than 7.0% and how likely they were to maintain this target with oral semaglutide 7 mg versus sitagliptin 100 mg or oral semaglutide 14 mg versus empagliflozin 25 mg, sitagliptin 100 mg or subcutaneous liraglutide 1.8 mg.

Effect of once-weekly semaglutide versus thrice-daily insulin aspart, both as add-on to metformin and optimized insulin glargine treatment in participants with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 11): A randomized, open-label, multinational, phase 3b trial.

Aim: To compare the efficacy and safety of once-weekly (OW) semaglutide versus thrice-daily (TID) insulin aspart (IAsp) in participants with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes (T2D) treated with insulin glargine (IGlar) and metformin.

Materials And Methods: SUSTAIN 11 (NCT03689374) was a randomized (1:1), parallel, open-label, multinational, phase 3b trial. After a 12-week run-in to optimize once-daily IGlar U100, 1748 adults with T2D (HbA1c >7.

Maintenance of glycaemic control with liraglutide versus oral antidiabetic drugs as add-on therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled with metformin alone: A randomized clinical trial in primary care (LIRA-PRIME).

Aim: To compare (in the LIRA-PRIME [NCT02730377], a randomized open-label trial), the efficacy of liraglutide in controlling glycaemia versus an oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (T2D), despite metformin use in a primary care setting (n = 219 sites, n = 9 countries).

Materials And Methods: Adults (n = 1991) with T2D (HbA1c 7.5%-9.

CAPTURE: a multinational, cross-sectional study of cardiovascular disease prevalence in adults with type 2 diabetes across 13 countries.

Background: There is a paucity of global data on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The primary objective of the CAPTURE study was to estimate the prevalence of established CVD and its management in adults with T2D across 13 countries from five continents. Additional objectives were to further characterize the study sample regarding demographics, clinical parameters and medication usage, with particular reference to blood glucose-lowering agents (GLAs: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors) with demonstrated cardiovascular benefit in randomized intervention trials.

Efficacy of liraglutide added to sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes, stratified by baseline characteristics: Post-hoc analysis of LIRA-ADD2SGLT2i.

Aims: The LIRA-ADD2SGLT2i trial demonstrated that liraglutide + sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) ± metformin significantly improved glycaemic control (not body weight) versus placebo in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This post-hoc analysis assessed whether baseline characteristics influenced these findings.

Materials And Methods: LIRA-ADD2SGLT2i (NCT02964247) was a placebo-controlled, double-blind, multinational trial, wherein participants received liraglutide (≤1.

Diabetes-Related Effectiveness and Cost of Liraglutide or Insulin in German Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A 5-Year Retrospective Claims Analysis.

Introduction: Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). To date, limited long-term data (> 2 years) exist comparing real-world diabetes-related effectiveness and costs for liraglutide versus insulin treatment.

Methods: This retrospective claims data analysis covered the period from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2017 and included continuously insured patients with T2DM who initiated insulin or liraglutide and had 3.

Liraglutide as add-on to sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: LIRA-ADD2SGLT2i, a 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Aim: To compare the effect of liraglutide or placebo added on to sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) ± metformin on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials And Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes on a stable SGLT2i dose ± metformin (with HbA1c 7.0%-9.

Trial design and baseline data for LIRA-PRIME: A randomized trial investigating the efficacy of liraglutide in controlling glycaemia in type 2 diabetes in a primary care setting.

Aims: Using a pragmatic approach, the LIRA-PRIME trial aims to address a knowledge gap by comparing efficacy in controlling glycaemia with glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide vs oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) uncontrolled with metformin monotherapy in primary care practice. We report the study design and patient baseline characteristics.

Materials And Methods: This 104-week, two-arm, open-label, active-controlled trial is active in 219 primary care practices across nine countries.

Is there an association between liraglutide use and female breast cancer in a real-world setting?

Background: Liraglutide is a human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist approved for treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus at a maximum dose of 1.8 mg/day (Victoza) and more recently at 3.0 mg/day for weight management (Saxenda).

The Impact of Liraglutide on Diabetes-Related Foot Ulceration and Associated Complications in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes at High Risk for Cardiovascular Events: Results From the LEADER Trial.

Objective: Diabetes-related foot ulcers (DFUs) and their sequelae result in large patient and societal burdens. Long-term data determining the efficacy of individual glucose-lowering agents on DFUs are lacking. Using existing data from the Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results (LEADER) trial, we conducted post hoc analyses assessing the impact of liraglutide versus placebo in people with type 2 diabetes and at high risk of cardiovascular (CV) events on the incidence of DFUs and their sequelae.

Association between serotype-specific antibody response and serotype characteristics in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia, with special reference to degree of encapsulation and invasive potential.

We studied the immunoglobulin (Ig) response to causative serotype-specific capsular polysaccharides in adult pneumococcal pneumonia patients. The serotypes were grouped according to their degree of encapsulation and invasive potential. Seventy patients with pneumococcal pneumonia, 20 of whom were bacteremic, were prospectively studied.

Competition between Streptococcus pneumoniae strains: implications for vaccine-induced replacement in colonization and disease.

Background: Vaccine-induced replacement by nonvaccine serotypes in pneumococcal colonization and disease poses a threat to the long-term effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination. One of the main drivers for serotype replacement is likely to be the competitive interactions between pneumococcal serotypes.

Methods: We used longitudinal datasets of pneumococcal colonization among infants (American Indian and The Gambia) and toddlers (Denmark) to study the strength and mechanism of competition between pneumococcal serotypes.

A Pneumococcal Carriage Study in Danish Pre-school Children before the Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination.

We present data on pneumococcal carriage before the introduction of the heptavalent-pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV7) in Denmark. In the pre-PCV7 period, the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children younger than 5 years was approximately 25 per 100.000 population, with the highest incidence rates observed in children younger than 2 years of age.

Temporal trends in invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal serotypes over 7 decades.

Background: Pneumococcal infections have historically played a major role in terms of morbidity and mortality. We explored historical trends of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and pneumococcal serotypes in a population exposed to limited antibiotic selective pressure and conjugate pneumococcal vaccination (PCV).

Methods: Retrospective cohort study based on nationwide laboratory surveillance data on IPD collected uninterruptedly in Denmark during 1938-2007.

Invasive pneumococcal disease in Danish children, 1996-2007, prior to the introduction of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

Aim: The aim of this study was to document the epidemiology, microbiology and outcome of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children <16 years with quality surveillance data, just prior to the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) into the Danish routine immunization programme October 2007.

Methods: Clinical and microbiological records on cases of IPD in children <16 years admitted to Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark 1996-2007, were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: We identified 106 cases of IPD.

An easy method for detection of nasopharyngeal carriage of multiple Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes.

In this paper, a simplified method for detection of pneumococcal carriage and for revealing the presence of several serotypes in a nasopharyngeal sample is evaluated. Enrichment broth was used for transportation and for the initial culturing of samples. All specimens were examined directly by the capsular reaction test for the presence of any of the 91 known pneumococcal serotypes.

Erythromycin resistance caused by erm(A) subclass erm(TR) in a Danish invasive pneumococcal isolate: are erm(A) pneumococcal isolates overlooked?

Erm(A) is rarely reported as erythromycin resistance determinant in pneumococci. One invasive erm(A) isolate was initially tested intermediate erythromycin resistant using E-test. However, upon re-testing it was resistant, thus close to the breakpoint value.

Estimated effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease and associated mortality, Denmark 2000-2005.

In order to provide an estimation of the direct and indirect benefits of pneumococcal vaccination with three protein-conjugate pneumococcal vaccines (PCV) we described the epidemiology and mortality from invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Denmark between 2000 and 2005. Approximately 1080 cases were registered annually during the period. The overall incidence of IPD increased significantly, from 15.

Hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection and invasive pneumococcal disease in Danish children aged <2 years: a population-based cohort study.

Background: Previous population-based studies have reported a temporal association between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We examined this association at an individual level in the Danish population.

Methods: Using registry information about hospitalization for RSV infection and IPD in Denmark, we conducted a prospective, population-based cohort study and examined the associations between hospitalization for RSV infection and IPD.

Genetic susceptibility to severe infection in families with invasive pneumococcal disease.

Severe infections may be influenced by genetic constitution. The authors examined familial aggregation of invasive infections, using invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) as the index condition to ascertain families at risk. From Danish national registers, they identified relatives of persons with IPD from 1977 through 2005.

Genetic relatedness of the Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular biosynthetic loci.

Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) produces 1 of 91 capsular polysaccharides (CPS) that define the serotype. The cps loci of 88 pneumococcal serotypes whose CPS is synthesized by the Wzy-dependent pathway were compared with each other and with additional streptococcal polysaccharide biosynthetic loci and were clustered according to the proportion of shared homology groups (HGs), weighted for the sequence similarities between the genes encoding the shared HGs. The cps loci of the 88 pneumococcal serotypes were distributed into eight major clusters and 21 subclusters.

Bordetella pertussis strains circulating in Europe in 1999 to 2004 as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

Clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis collected during the year 2004 (n = 153) in eight European countries, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and United Kingdom, were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and their PFGE profiles were compared with those of isolates collected in 1999 (n = 102). The 255 isolates produced 59 distinct PFGE profiles. Among the 153 isolates from 2004, 36 profiles were found, while within the 102 isolates from 1999, 33 profiles were detected.

A comparison of antibiotic use in children between Canada and Denmark.

Background: High rates of antibiotic prescribing in children lead to antibiotic resistance in the community. Surveillance on utilization rates and comparisons with other jurisdictions are methods for benchmarking. Surveillance on antibiotic use is well established in Europe, including Denmark, but until recently, similar data from Canada were lacking.

Perinatal and crowding-related risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease in infants and young children: a population-based case-control study.

Background: Denmark's systems of registry-based data offer a unique opportunity to examine, on a population basis, risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) relating to perinatal and crowding exposures among children. The main objective of this study was to identify the role of familial and day care factors in the risk of IPD among unvaccinated infants and children.

Methods: A total of 1381 children aged 0-5 years old who experienced IPD were identified from a national surveillance program of IPD in Denmark.

Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid related to vaccine serotypes and to clinical characteristics.

Pneumococci isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid from 1998 to 2001 in 2 counties in south-west Sweden were serotyped with the capsular reaction test. Of the 836 strains, 353 (42%), 598 (72%) and 789 (94%) belonged to serotypes included in the 7- and 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and in the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine, respectively. The most common serotype was type 1 (119 isolates) followed in descending frequency by serotypes 7F, 9V, 14, 4 and 12F (90-49 isolates per serotype).