Barriers and facilitators to implementation of nutrition-related actions in school settings in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): a qualitative systematic review using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR).

Background: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are particularly vulnerable to the double burden of malnutrition: co-existence of underweight, overweight, obesity, and/or diet-related non-communicable diseases. Nutrition-related double-duty actions in school settings have been identified as one of the ways to address this challenge. However, to be able to take full advantage of the potential impact, it is important to understand their implementation as well.

Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases and Gastrointestinal Distress: Coping Strategies and Dietary Experiences to Relieve Symptoms.

In this article, we focus on adults with primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) and their experiences with gastrointestinal (GI) distress with the aim of exploring how they experience living with their condition and the actions they take to relieve GI distress. Twelve adults with PID and GI distress participated in semi-structured, in-depth interviews. The interviews were analyzed following the steps of thematic analysis (TA).

Prevalence and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding among women in Moshi municipal, northern Tanzania.

Background: Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) is a predetermining factor for exclusive breastfeeding, and thus a foundation for optimal breastfeeding practices. Rates of EIBF are low globally (42%) and in Tanzania (51%), yet few studies have been done on this issue in Tanzania. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding among women in northern Tanzania.

Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates and Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices in Northern Tanzania: Measurement using Two Different Methodologies-24 Hours Recall and Recall Since Birth.

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) has many benefits to the child from mental to physical growth and development; however, methods of measuring EBF have raised a number of policy and programmatic questions. This study assesses EBF rates and factors associated with EBF practices in Northern Tanzania using two different methodologies, namely, the 24-hours recall and recall-since-birth.

Methods: A cohort study was conducted from October 2013 to December 2015 among mother-infants' pairs.

Facilitators and Barriers to Breastfeeding and Exclusive Breastfeeding in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania: A Qualitative Study.

Background: Breastfeeding is the best way to feed infants. It is a simple intervention to improve child health and development. Despite its advantages, there is a low global rate of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and, in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania, EBF is rarely practiced.

Familial hypercholesterolemia and young patients' thoughts on own condition and treatment.

Objectives: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a hereditary and usually asymptomatic condition characterized by elevated blood cholesterol and increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease. It is treated with dietary modifications and lipid lowering drugs. The objective was to learn about young FH patients' perceptions and choices regarding treatment.

"We give water or porridge, but we don't really know what the child wants:" a qualitative study on women's perceptions and practises regarding exclusive breastfeeding in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania.

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) as the optimal way to feed infants below 6 months of age. The benefits of EBF are well documented. However, in Tanzania, EBF is still rarely practised.

Underweight, Stunting and Wasting among Children in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania; a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

This study assessed the prevalence and risk factors associated with underweight, stunting and wasting among children aged 0-24 months in six districts of Kilimanjaro region, northern Tanzania. A cross-sectional population-based study using a multistage, proportionate to size sampling was conducted from June 2010 to March 2011. A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, economic, feeding and child information.

Predictors of appropriate breastfeeding knowledge among pregnant women in Moshi Urban, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Knowledge on infant feeding among pregnant women is essential when promoting optimal breastfeeding practices. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of women on optimal breastfeeding during pregnancy and associated factors as well as performance of the health system in reaching women with information on breastfeeding and infant feeding issues.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2013 to April 2014 among pregnant women, in their third trimester, attending for routine care at two primary health care facilities in Moshi urban, northern Tanzania.

Breastfeeding among Somali mothers living in Norway: Attitudes, practices and challenges.

Background: Data from previous studies indicate a short duration of breastfeeding, especially exclusive breastfeeding, among infants of immigrant mothers living in Norway and other Western countries. Norway has a long tradition of supporting breastfeeding.

Aim: To explore infant feeding practices among Somali-born mothers in Norway, and the ways in which they navigate among different information sources.

Differences in nutrient composition and choice of side dishes between red meat and fish dinners in Norwegian adults.

Background: Food-based dietary guidelines often recommend increased consumption of fish and reduced intake of red and processed meat. However, little is known about how changing the main protein source from red meat to fish may influence the choice of side dishes.

Objective: To investigate whether side dish choices differed between red meat and fish dinners.

Women's work in farming, child feeding practices and nutritional status among under-five children in rural Rukwa, Tanzania.

Some progress has been achieved in reducing the prevalence of undernutrition among children under 5 years of age in Tanzania. In the Rukwa region (2010), the level of stunted and underweight children was 50·4 and 13·5 %, respectively. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age, feeding practices and risk factors of undernutrition in a rural village in the Rukwa region, as well as to discuss the results in light of a similar study conducted in 1987/1988.

The contribution of snacks to dietary intake and their association with eating location among Norwegian adults - results from a cross-sectional dietary survey.

Background: Snack consumption has been reported to increase over recent decades. Little is known about possible associations between snack composition and snack eating location. In the present study, we aimed to describe the contribution of snacks to dietary intake in Norwegian adults and to investigate whether the composition of snacks differed according to where they were eaten.

Meal types as sources for intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish and whole grains among Norwegian adults.

Objective: To study how different meals contribute to intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish and whole grains in a group of Norwegian adults and in subgroups of this population. Moreover, to investigate the consequences of skipping the meal contributing most to the intake of each food group (main contributing meal).

Design: Cross-sectional dietary survey in Norwegian adults.

Effect of a nutrition intervention on intake of vegetables, fruits, and semi whole grain bread among low and high consumers in the Norwegian National Guard.

Background: Nutritional information seldom reaches individuals with the most unhealthful dietary habits.

Objective: To explore whether an intervention focusing on a combination of nutritional information and increased availability of vegetables, fruits, and semi whole grain bread was effective to raise the intake, and knowledge, of these foods among recruits in the military with low as well as high baseline intake.

Methods: Intervention study, including 479 recruits, in intervention and control military camps.

Abscess infections and malnutrition--a cross-sectional study of polydrug addicts in Oslo, Norway.

Background: Injection drug use and malnutrition are widespread among polydrug addicts in Oslo, Norway, but little is known about the frequency of abscess infections and possible relations to malnutrition.

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of abscess infections, and differences in nutritional status between drug addicts with or without abscess infections.

Design: A cross-sectional study of 195 polydrug addicts encompassing interview of demographics, dietary recall, anthropometric measurements and biochemical analyses.

A nutrition intervention with a main focus on vegetables and bread consumption among young men in the Norwegian National Guard.

Background: Young men are difficult to reach with conventional nutrition information and they have a low intake of vegetables and whole grain cereals. Few intervention studies have focused on improving young men's consumption of vegetables and whole grains.

Objective: A 5-month intervention focusing on a combination of increased availability of healthy foods and nutritional information was developed to stimulate the intake of vegetables and semi-whole grain bread among a group of young men in the Norwegian military.

Eating location is associated with the nutritional quality of the diet in Norwegian adults.

Objective: To study the association between dinner eating location and the nutritional quality of the specific dinner meal and the whole-day dietary intake and to compare the diets of those consuming ≥25% of energy out of home and at school/work (SOH; substantial out-of-home eaters) with those consuming <25% of energy out (NSOH; non-substantial out-of-home eaters).

Design: Cross-sectional dietary survey using two non-consecutive 24 h recalls. Recorded eating locations were at home, other private households, work/school, restaurant/cafeteria/fast-food outlet and travel/meeting.

Children and young adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) have healthier food choices particularly with respect to dietary fat sources compared with non-FH children.

Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) leads to elevated plasma levels of LDL-cholesterol and increased risk of premature atherosclerosis. Dietary treatment is recommended to all patients with FH in combination with lipid-lowering drug therapy. Little is known about how children with FH and their parents respond to dietary advice.

Perceptions of slimming and healthiness among Norwegian adolescent girls.

Objective: To explore what adolescent girls mean when they talk about healthiness and slimming, as well as the distinction between the 2 concepts.

Design: Data was collected by the use of 8 focus groups, each with 5-9 adolescent girls.

Setting: Four different schools in Oslo and 2 other municipalities in Norway in 2006-2007.

Changes in dietary habits after migration and consequences for health: a focus on South Asians in Europe.

Background: Immigrants from low-income countries comprise an increasing proportion of the population in Europe. Higher prevalence of obesity and nutrition related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is found in some immigrant groups, especially in South Asians.

Aim: To review dietary changes after migration and discuss the implication for health and prevention among immigrants from low-income countries to Europe, with a special focus on South Asians.

Maintenance of changes in food intake and motivation for healthy eating among Norwegian-Pakistani women participating in a culturally adapted intervention.

Objective: To investigate maintenance of changes in food intake and motivation for healthy eating at follow-up 2 data collection after a lifestyle intervention among Pakistani immigrant women.

Design: A culturally adapted lifestyle intervention, aiming at reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data collection including FFQ and questions on intentions to change dietary behaviour was completed at baseline, right after the 7 ± 1 month intervention (follow-up 1) and 2-3 years after baseline (follow-up 2).

The InnvaDiab-DE-PLAN study: a randomised controlled trial with a culturally adapted education programme improved the risk profile for type 2 diabetes in Pakistani immigrant women.

The objective of the present study was to explore whether a culturally adapted lifestyle education programme would improve the risk factor profile for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Pakistani immigrant women in Oslo, Norway. The randomised controlled trial (the InnvaDiab study), lasting 7 ± 1 months, comprised six educational sessions about blood glucose, physical activity and diet. Participants (age 25-62 years) were randomised into either a control (n 97) or an intervention (n 101) group.

Perceptions of risk factors for diabetes among Norwegian-Pakistani women participating in a culturally adapted intervention.

Objective: To explore perceptions of diabetes risk factors among Pakistani immigrant women, as part of their explanatory model of the disease, and the changes in these perceptions after a culturally adapted intervention.

Design: Intervention study, carried out in Oslo, Norway, comprising 198 women.

Results: At baseline, about 75% of the women perceived sugar to be a risk factor for diabetes, about 30% mentioned physical inactivity and stress and close to 20% mentioned overweight.

Body weight, weight perceptions and food intake patterns. A cross-sectional study among male recruits in the Norwegian National Guard.

Background: Young men tend to have a low intake of vegetables and fruit. Unfortunately, this group is difficult to reach with health information. Furthermore, knowledge about weight perceptions and the relationship to food behaviour among young men is scant.