Annotations of novel antennae-expressed genes in male Glossina morsitans morsitans tsetse flies.

Tsetse flies use antennal expressed genes to navigate their environment. While most canonical genes associated with chemoreception are annotated, potential gaps with important antennal genes are uncharacterized in Glossina morsitans morsitans. We generated antennae-specific transcriptomes from adult male G.

Chemo-Ecological Insights into the Use of the Non-Host Plant Vegetable Black-Jack to Protect Two Susceptible Solanaceous Crops from Root-Knot Nematode Parasitism.

Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) develop through three major stages in their life cycle: hatching, infection, and reproduction. Interruption of any of these stages can affect their growth and survival. We used screenhouse pot experiments, laboratory hatching and mortality assays, and chemical analysis to test the hypothesis that the non-host Asteraceae plant vegetable black-jack () suppresses infection of the PPN in two susceptible Solanaceae host plants, tomato () and black nightshade ().

Compounds Associated with Infection by the Root-Knot Nematode, , Influence the Ability of Infective Juveniles to Recognize Host Plants.

Plant root chemistry is altered by the parasitism of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN). Here, we investigated the influence of the infective stage juveniles (J2) of in inducing tomato () root volatiles and chemotactic effect on conspecifics. In olfactometer assays, J2 avoided the roots of 2-day infected plants but preferred 7-day-infected tomato compared to healthy plants.

Quality and Brands of Amoxicillin Formulations in Nairobi, Kenya.

Antibiotics are among the most counterfeited anti-infectious medicines in developing countries. Amoxicillin is one of the commonly prescribed, affordable, and easily accessible antibiotic in Kenya. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic hence commonly used in chemotherapy.

Blending studies with selected waterbuck odor constituents or analogues in the development of a potent repellent blend against savannah tsetse.

Previous comparison of the body odors of tsetse-refractory waterbuck and those of tsetse-attractive ox and buffalo showed that a blend of 15 EAG-active compounds specific to waterbuck, including C5-C10 straight chain carboxylic acid homologues, methyl ketones (C8-C12 straight chain homologues and geranyl acetone), phenols (guaiacol and carvacrol) and δ-octalactone, was repellent to tsetse. A blend of four components selected from each class of compounds (δ-octalactone, pentanoic acid, guaiacol, and geranylacetone) showed repellence that is comparable to that of the 15 components blend and can provide substantial protection to cattle (more than 80%) from tsetse bites and trypanosome infections. Structure-activity studies with the lactone and phenol analogues showed that δ-nonalactone and 4-methylguaiacol are significantly more repellent than δ-octalactone and guaiacol, respectively.

Structure-activity studies on analogues of 4-methylguaiacol, a cattle anal odour constituent repellent to the brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus).

Previously, 4-methylguaiacol, a major constituent of cattle anal odour, was found to have a high repellency on Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. In the present study, 10 structural analogues of the phenol were tested for repellency against R. appendiculatus in order to assess the effects of (i) absence or presence of the 4-alkyl group of varying length, (ii) inclusion of a double bond in the 4-alkyl chain, (iii) linking the two phenolic oxygen in a methylenedioxy bridge, (iv) replacement of the OCH with CH and inclusion of another CH at position 6, and (v) presence of an additional OCH group at position 6.

Characterisation of cattle anal odour constituents associated with the repellency of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus.

Adults of the Brown Ear Tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) have a predilection for feeding inside and around the ears of cattle and other hosts. A previous study has shown that the tick locates the host ears by 'push-pull' deployment of a repellent blend emitted at the anal region and an attractant blend emitted at the ears. Interestingly, the two odours play reverse roles with Rhipicephalus evertsi, which prefer to feed around the anal region.

Responses of Glossina pallidipes and Glossina morsitans morsitans tsetse flies to analogues of δ-octalactone and selected blends.

Previous studies have shown that δ-octalactone is an important component of the tsetse-refractory waterbuck (Kobus defassa) repellent odour blend. In the present study, structure-activity comparison was undertaken to determine the effects of the length of the side chain and ring size of the lactone on adult Glossina pallidipes and Glossina morsitans morsitans. The responses of the flies to each compound were studied in a two-choice wind tunnel.

Eucleanal: a new napthalene derivative from Euclea divinorum.

A new naphthalene derivative, named eucleanal (1), was isolated from Euclea divinorum Hiern., and its structure elucidated by detailed spectroscopic (1H, 13C NMR, COSY, HMQC, HMBC) and HREIMS analysis.

Drypetdimer A: a new flavone dimer from Drypetes gerrardii.

A new flavone dimer, drypetdimer A (1), was isolated from Drypetes gerrardii J.Hutch The structure of the new compound was elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis such as 1H, 13C NMR, COSY, HMQC, HMBC and HREIMS.