Assessment of pain in the transport environment: a review of the literature.

Introduction: Critically ill or injured patients who are transported experience pain. Pain is associated with multiple adverse affects including tachycardia, hypertension, anxiety, elevated blood glucose levels, and diaphoresis.

Methods: Using multiple search terms, the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature and MEDLINE databases as well as pertinent Web sites were searched for relevant information.

Declining hepatitis C rates in first-time blood donors: insight from surveillance and case-control risk factor studies.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) rates have decreased steadily in first-time donors in Canada since testing was implemented but reasons are unclear. A description of factors that may have played a role in this decline is reported.

Study Design And Methods: Descriptive analysis of first-time blood donors by HCV positivity status and year (1993--2006), sex, and age was carried out.

Sexually transmitted disease thresholds in Manitoba, Canada.

Purpose: Persistence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in a population is due to the activities of a small proportion of the population with STI, who transmit infection on average to one or more susceptible sex partners during an infectious period. Within these groups, the average number of transmissions by infectious people to susceptible people in a closed group is measured by the reproductive number; a threshold, above which endemic infection is likely occur and below which, in the rest of the population, it is unlikely to occur. We hypothesized that people with repeated bacterial STI's and their sex partners include the theoretical core group and that they differ from singly infected noncore individuals.