Total and High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Adults: United States, August 2021-August 2023.

Introduction: This report presents prevalence of high total cholesterol and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) by sex and age group for adults age 20 and older from the August 2021-August 2023 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Trends in the prevalence of high total cholesterol and low HDL-C are also presented.

Methods: Data from the August 2021-August 2023 NHANES were used to estimate the prevalence of high total cholesterol (240 mg/dL or higher) and low HDL-C (less than 40 mg/dL).

Proton pump inhibitors modulate esophageal epithelial barrier function and crosstalk with eosinophils.

Background: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic allergic disease characterized by esophageal dysfunction, type-2 inflammation, and esophageal eosinophilic infiltrate. While proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy is commonly used for EoE management, the underlying mechanism of action remains unclear.

Methods: Air-liquid interface culture of esophageal epithelial cells was employed to investigate the impact of the PPI omeprazole on barrier integrity in IL-13-treated cultures.

Prevalence of Diabetes by BMI: China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015-2017) and U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015-2018).

Introduction: The risk of diabetes begins at a lower BMI among Asian adults. This study compares the prevalence of diabetes between the U.S.

Interferon-γ signaling in eosinophilic esophagitis has implications for epithelial barrier function and programmed cell death.

Objective: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic esophageal inflammatory disorder characterized by eosinophil-rich mucosal inflammation and tissue remodeling. Transcriptional profiling of esophageal biopsies has previously revealed upregulation of type I and II interferon (IFN) response genes. We aim to unravel interactions between immune and epithelial cells and examine functional significance in esophageal epithelial cells.

Reasons police respond in schools: An analysis of narrative data from police incident reports.

Background: Communities across the U.S. have acted to eliminate or curb police presence in schools.

Physical health and comorbid anxiety and depression across the first year postpartum in Ireland (MAMMI study): A longitudinal population-based study.

Introduction: Little is known of the associations between physical health issues and mental health issues such as anxiety, depression and comorbid anxiety and depression (CAD) occurring in the perinatal period.

Methods: A longitudinal cohort study with 3009 first-time mothers giving birth in Ireland collected physical and mental health data in pregnancy and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months postpartum. Mental health was measured using the depression and anxiety subscales of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.

Maternal mental health in the first year postpartum in a large Irish population cohort: the MAMMI study.

Purpose: The international perinatal literature focuses on depression in the postpartum period. Prevalence and pathways of depression, anxiety and stress from pregnancy through the first postpartum year are seldom investigated.

Methods: MAMMI is a prospective cohort study of 3009 first-time mothers recruited in pregnancy.

What would reduce caesarean section rates?-Views from pregnant women and clinicians in Ireland.

Background: Caesarean section rates continue to rise in most parts of the world. While CS is a lifesaving procedure there is evidence that, beyond a certain threshold, CS rates may contribute to increased maternal and perinatal morbidity. This study aimed to elicit the views of pregnant women's and clinicians' on how CS rates might be reduced.

Midwives' views of an evidence-based intervention to reduce caesarean section rates in Ireland.

Problem: A worldwide increase of caesarean section (CS) rates has been estimated at a rate of 4% per year and numerous interventions to reduce the rates have not been successful, perhaps because they are not acceptable to clinicians.

Background: A caesarean section (CS) can be a life-saving operation, but has been associated with short- and long-term risk factors and shown to affect subsequent pregnancies.

Aim: To explore midwives' views on CS rates and evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of an evidence-based intervention programme (REDUCE) designed to decrease overall CS rates in Ireland by 7%.

Mean Body Weight, Height, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Index Among Children and Adolescents: United States, 1999-2018.

Objective-This report presents trends in mean weight, recumbent length, height, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI) among children and adolescents in the United States from 1999 through 2018.

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-March 2020 Prepandemic Data Files-Development of Files and Prevalence Estimates for Selected Health Outcomes.

Background And Objectives: In March 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic halted National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) field operations. As data collected in the partial 2019-2020 cycle (herein referred to as 2019-March 2020) are not nationally representative, they were combined with previously released 2017-2018 data to produce nationally representative estimates. This report explains the creation of the 2017-March 2020 prepandemic data files, provides recommendations for and limitations of the files' use, and presents prevalence estimates for selected health outcomes based on the files.

Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2015-2018.

Based on nationally representative anthropometric data, the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) has published reference tables on the distribution of various body measurements for the U.S. population (1-5).

Perspectives of partners of mothers who experience mental distress in the postnatal period: A systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis.

Objective: To offer insight and understanding on the perspectives of the partners of mothers who experience postnatal mental distress.

Background: Partners have an important role in identifying postnatal mental distress, supporting the mother, and encouraging help-seeking behaviours that may help reduce the associated long-term consequences on the mother and baby.

Design: A qualitative evidence synthesis.

Fast Food Intake Among Children and Adolescents in the United States, 2015-2018.

Fast food has been associated with higher caloric intake and poorer diet quality in children and adolescents (1). In 2011-2012, children and adolescents aged 2-19 years consumed on average 12.4% of their daily calories from fast food on a given day (2).

Factors associated with maternal readmission to hospital, attendance at emergency rooms or visits to general practitioners within three months postpartum.

Unlabelled: While most women remain healthy after giving birth to their baby, others experience complications that require medical attention or readmission to hospital. However, data on maternal attendance for medical care postpartum or readmission to hospital are not collected or reported routinely in many countries so the extent of health problems experienced remain unknown. Collecting data on the proportion of women who seek medical care in the early postpartum period may deepen understanding of risk factors, the consequences for women, their families and the maternity care system and, ultimately, help identify preventative strategies and processes.

Comparison of labour and birth outcomes between nulliparous women who used epidural analgesia in labour and those who did not: A prospective cohort study.

Objective: To compare labour and birth outcomes between nulliparous women who used versus did not use intrapartum epidural analgesia.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Two maternity hospitals in Ireland.

Trends in Obesity Prevalence by Race and Hispanic Origin-1999-2000 to 2017-2018.

This study uses NHANES data to assess trends in obesity and severe obesity stratified by race and Hispanic origin among US residents from 1999 to 2018.

Prevalence of Obesity and Severe Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2017-2018.

Obesity is associated with serious health risks (1). Severe obesity further increases the risk of obesity-related complications, such as coronary heart disease and end-stage renal disease (2,3). From 1999-2000 through 2015-2016, a significantly increasing trend in obesity was observed (4).

Predictors of choice of public and private maternity care among nulliparous women in Ireland, and implications for maternity care and birth experience.

Maternity care in Ireland is provided through a mixture of free public and fee-based private or semi-private services. We examined factors associated with choice of care pathway among nulliparous women and how this influences the care they receive and their experience of childbirth using data from a prospective cohort study. Complete data were available for 1,789 women on choice of care pathway and birth outcomes, and for 1,336 women on birth experience.

OptiBIRTH: a cluster randomised trial of a complex intervention to increase vaginal birth after caesarean section.

Background: Despite evidence supporting the safety of vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC), rates are low in many countries.

Methods: OptiBIRTH investigated the effects of a woman-centred intervention designed to increase VBAC rates through an unblinded cluster randomised trial in 15 maternity units with VBAC rates < 35% in Germany, Ireland and Italy. Sites were matched in pairs or triplets based on annual birth numbers and VBAC rate, and randomised, 1:1 or 2:1, intervention versus control, following trial registration.

The association of nativity/length of residence and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the United States.

Differences by nativity status for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors have been previously reported. Recent research has focused on understanding how other acculturation factors, such as length of residence, affect health behaviors and outcomes. This study examines the association between CVD risk factors and nativity/length of US residence.

Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for reducing caesarean section, promoting vaginal birth, and reducing fear of childbirth: An overview of systematic reviews.

Concern has been expressed globally over rising caesarean birth rates. Recently, the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) called for help from governmental bodies, professional organisations, women's groups, and other stakeholders to reduce unnecessary caesareans. As part of a wider research initiative, we conducted an overview of systematic reviews of antenatal and intrapartum interventions, and reports of evidence based recommendations, to identify and highlight those that have been shown to be effective for reducing caesarean birth, promoting vaginal birth and reducing fear of childbirth.

Toll-like receptor 2 stimulation augments esophageal barrier integrity.

Background: Germline-encoded innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRR) are expressed at epithelial surfaces and modulate epithelial defenses. Evidence suggests that stimulation of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family of PRR may regulate epithelial barrier integrity by upregulating tight junction (TJ) complex protein expression, but it is not known whether this mechanism is utilized in esophageal epithelial cells. TJ complex proteins maintain intact barrier function and are dysregulated in atopic disorders including eosinophilic esophagitis.

Diabetes and Prediabetes Among Adults in Los Angeles County and the United States, 1999-2006 and 2007-2014.

Objective-This report presents the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes, total diabetes, and prediabetes among adults aged 20 and over in Los Angeles County and the United States in 1999-2006 and 2007-2014. The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, total diabetes, and prediabetes in 2007-2014 are presented by age, sex, and race and Hispanic origin. Methods-Data are from in-home interviews and laboratory testing conducted as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).