Cerebral perfusion pressure and behavior monitoring in freely moving rats.

Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is the net pressure gradient that drives oxygen delivery to cerebral tissue. It is the difference between the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the intracranial pressure (ICP). As CPP is a calculated value, MAP and ICP must be measured simultaneously.

Determination of brain water content by dry/wet weight measurement for the detection of experimental brain edema.

Brain edema is a fatal pathological state in which brain volume increases as a result of abnormal accumulation of fluid within the brain parenchyma. A key attribute of experimentally induced brain edema - increased brain water content (BWC) - needs to be verified. Various methods are used for this purpose: specific gravimetric technique, electron microscopic examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dry/wet weight measurement.

Evaluating the waste management situation and attitudes of residents in Bandung, Indonesia.

The increasing amount of waste is becoming a crucial topic in developing countries, causing health-related and environmental issues. In past decades, the Indonesian government implemented regulations dedicated to municipal solid waste management (MSWM); unfortunately, these have not been well communicated to the public. The set tax level is inadequate for the MSWM financial needs in Bandung, Indonesia.

Effect of methylprednisolone on experimental brain edema in rats - own experience reviewed.

Brain edema - a frequently fatal pathological state in which brain volume increases resulting in intracranial pressure elevation - can result from almost any insult to the brain, including traumatic brain injury. For many years, the objective of experimental studies was to find a method to prevent the development of brain edema at the onset. From this perspective, the use of methylprednisolone (MP) appears promising.

Selective vulnerability of the hippocampus to the cytotoxic edema; magnetic resonance imaging and fluorescence microscopy studies in the rats.

Objectives: Changes in the hippocampus induced by water intoxication were studied using fluorescence microscopy (FM) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods: In three animals (rats), intracellular/extracellular distribution of Evans blue (EB) in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of both hemispheres was revealed by injection of EB into the internal carotid artery (ICA) in hyperhydrated rats (water intoxication, WI). A total of 8 experimental rats were used for the MRI study.

Effect of methylprednisolone on experimental brain edema in magnetic resonance imaging.

Magnetic resonance imaging has been used for evaluating of a brain edema in experimental animals to assess cytotoxic and vasogenic edema by the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and T2 imaging. This paper brings information about the effectiveness of methylprednisolone (MP) on experimental brain edema. A total of 24 rats were divided into three groups of 8 animals each.

Intracranial pressure and mean arterial pressure monitoring in freely moving rats via telemetry; pilot study.

Objectives: Accurate values of the intracranial pressure (ICP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) are the prerequisite for calculating cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). Increased ICP values decrease CPP. The origin of ICP increase in the clinical cases after brain ischemia and diffuse brain injury is the cellular brain edema (CE).

Cytotoxic brain edema induced by water intoxication and vasogenic brain edema induced by osmotic BBB disruption lead to distinct pattern of ICP elevation during telemetric monitoring in freely moving rats.

Objectives: A novel method of long-term telemetric monitoring of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and intracranial pressure (ICP) for the determination of current cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and the time course of ICP in freely moving rats under physiological conditions and with increased ICP due to the induced cerebral edema were studied.

Methods: The brain edema, that caused volume enlargement and ICP elevation was achieved in entirely experimental conditions without any parallel pathological process. Vasogenic/extracellular edema was induced by osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBd) and for induction of cytotoxic/intracellular edema the water intoxication model (WI) was used.

Usefulness of perioperative rotational thrombelastometry during scoliosis surgery in children.

Objective: Surgical correction of scoliosis in pediatric patients is associated with significant blood loss. Rotational thrombelastometry (ROTEM) might help to decrease the use of blood transfusion products by enabling an early point of care (POC) diagnosis of coagulopathy, thus helping to provide targeted therapy. The aim of this case-control study was to find out whether POC use of ROTEM during scoliosis surgery in children helps to reduce the need for blood transfusion products.

Forelimb Movement Disorder in Rat Experimental Model.

Study of motor activity is an important part of the experimental models of neural disorders of rats. It is used to study effects of the CNS impairment, however studies on the peripheral nervous system lesions are much less frequent. The aim of the study was to extend the spectrum of experimental models of anterior limb movement disorders in rats by blockade of the right anterior limb brachial plexus with the local anesthetic Marcaine (Ma), or with aqua for injection administered into the same location (Aq) (with control intact group C).

Loss of body weight is accompanying cellular brain edema induced by water intoxication in the rat.

Induction of cellular cerebral edema (CE) was achieved by a standard method of water intoxication which consisted of fractionated intraperitoneal administration of distilled water (DW) together with the injection of desmopressin (DP). Using metabolic cage, fluid and food balance was studied in two groups of eight animals: group C - control; group CE - cellular edema induced by water intoxication. For each rat the intake (food pellets and water) and excretion (solid excrements and urine) were recorded for 48 h together with the initial and final body weight.

Locomotion in young rats with induced brain cellular edema - effects of recombinant human erythropoietin.

Objectives: Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) on spontaneous motor activity was tested in young rats after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of rhEPO, followed by induction of cellular brain edema (CE).

Cellular brain edema induced by water intoxication in rat experimental model.

Objectives: This paper presents our own rat model of the cellular brain edema, induced by water intoxication (WI). The basic principle of the model is an osmotic imbalance in the cell membrane followed by an intracellular flow of sodium and simultaneous accumulation of water leading to the subsequent increase of BBB permeability.

Methods: The usefulness of the model was tested in precisely specified conditions whose results were clearly expressed.

Study of locomotion, rearing and grooming activity after single and/or concomitant lesions of central and peripheral nervous system in rats.

Objective: Locomotion, rearing and grooming represent different forms of behaviour and motor activity in rats. In this study, changes in these activities were analysed in relation to impaired function of the nervous system by single and/or concomitant lesions representing an experimental model of the dual diagnosis.

Methods: 32 rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 rats: intact rats, rats with single lesion of peripheral nervous system (PNS) - Marcaine neuropathy, rats with single CNS lesion - cellular brain edema induced by water intoxication, and the concomitant lesions (combination of CNS and PNS lesion in one rat).

Methylprednisolone modulates intracranial pressure in the brain cellular edema induced by water intoxication.

Continuous monitoring of the intracranial pressure (ICP) detects impending intracranial hypertension resulting from the impaired intracranial volume homeostasis, when expanding volume generates pressure increase. In this study, cellular brain edema (CE) was induced in rats by water intoxication (WI). Methylprednisolone (MP) was administered intraperitoneally (i.

An experimental model of the "dual diagnosis": Effect of cytotoxic brain edema plus peripheral neuropathy on the spontaneous locomotor activity of rats.

Objective: The aim of the study was to find how a simultaneous impairment of the CNS (cellular brain edema induced by water intoxication) and PNS (blockade of the right forelimb brachial plexus by local anesthewtic - Marcaine) affects spontaneous locomotor activity of adult rats.

Methods: Rats were divided into groups of animals without water intoxication (without WI) - A,B,C, and those that were water intoxicated (induction of brain edema - after WI) - D,E,F. Both groups were further divided into intact ones (A,D), animals with PNS lesion (Marcaine) (B,E) and sham-operated animals (C,F).

Kinetics of H, Sr and Cs content changes in hydrosphere in the Vltava River system (Czech Republic).

The paper presents results and interpretation of long-term monitoring of occurrence and behaviour of radioisotopes H, Sr, and Cs in the vicinity of the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant. H, Sr, and Cs originate predominantly from residual contamination due to atmospheric nuclear weapons tests and the Chernobyl disaster in the last century. Monitoring of radionuclides comprised surface waters, river sediments, aquatic plants, and fish.

Comparison of balance of tritium activity in waste water from nuclear power plants and at selected monitoring sites in the Vltava River, Elbe River and Jihlava (Dyje) River catchments in the Czech Republic.

During the routine operation, nuclear power plants discharge waste water containing a certain amount of radioactivity, whose main component is the artificial radionuclide tritium. The amounts of tritium released into the environment are kept within the legal requirements, which minimize the noxious effects of radioactivity, but the activity concentration is well measurable in surface water of the recipient. This study compares amount of tritium activity in waste water from nuclear power plants and the tritium activity detected at selected relevant sites of surface water quality monitoring.

Neuronal excitability changes depend on the time course of cellular edema induced by water intoxication in young rats.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine whether the functional state of neurons is affected by the duration of the induced cellular edema and by the age of animals tested. The cellular edema was induced by water intoxication and neuronal functions were tested by the standard method of electrical stimulation of neurons of the cerebral cortex.

Methods: water intoxication was induced by standard method of fractionated hyperhydration.

Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ: An Update on Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Microenvironment.

Adipose tissue is recognized as an active endocrine organ that produces a number of endocrine substances referred to as "adipokines" including leptin, adiponectin, adipolin, visfatin, omentin, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), resistin, pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), and progranulin (PGRN) which play an important role in the food intake regulation and significantly influence insulin sensitivity and in some cases directly affect insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The review summarizes current knowledge about adipose tissue-derived hormones and their influence on energy homeostasis regulation. The possible therapeutic potential of these adipokines in the treatment of insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, a pro-inflammatory response, obesity, eating disorders, progression of atherosclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes is discussed.

Influence of low-dose neonatal domoic acid on the spontaneous behavior of rats in early adulthood.

Consumption of seafood containing toxin domoic acid (DA) causes an alteration of glutamatergic signaling pathways and could lead to various signs of neurotoxicity in animals and humans. Neonatal treatment with domoic acid was suggested as valuable model of schizophrenia and epilepsy. We tested how repeated early postnatal DA administration influences the spontaneous behavior of rats in adulthood.

Subconvulsive dose of kainic acid transiently increases the locomotor activity of adult Wistar rats.

Kainic acid (KA) is a potent neurotoxic substance valuable in research of temporal lobe epilepsy. We tested how subconvulsive dose of KA influences spontaneous behavior of adult Wistar rats. Animals were treated with 5 mg/kg of KA and tested in Laboras open field test for one hour in order to evaluate various behavioral parameters.

Neuronal excitability after water intoxication in young rats.

Objectives: Our previous experiments with animal models revealed that water intoxication induces brain oedema and opens plasma membranes. Present study is aimed to determine whether the standard method of hyperhydration can influence cerebral microenvironment also in young rats. Neuronal functions were tested by standard electrical cortical stimulation.

Effects of a single dose of erythropoietin on motor function and cognition after focal brain ischemia in adult rats.

We tested the influence of erythropoietin (EPO), a basic cytokine in erythropoiesis regulation, on the process of motor function and cognition after focal brain ischemia induced by a local application of endothelin. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced short lasting strong vasoconstriction, with described impact on the structure and on the function of neuronal cells. Neurological description of motor function and Morris water maze test (the swimming test is one of most widely used methods for studying cognitive functions in rodents) were used to study the process of learning and memory in three-month-old male albino Wistar rats (n=52).

Low dose domoic acid influences spontaneous behavior in adult rats.

Domoic acid (DA) is a potent marine neurotoxine present in seafood. Intoxication by DA causes gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting and diarrhoea and also the so-called amnesic shellfish poisoning (inflicting memory impairment and seizures). Since exposure to non-convulsive doses is relevant to the human health, we investigated the effect of low dose DA administration in adult Wistar rats.