Flexible and Ecological Cotton-Based Dosimeter for 2D UV Surface Dose Distribution Measurements.

This work presents a 2D radiochromic dosimeter for ultraviolet (UV) radiation measurements, based on cotton fabric volume-modified with nitroblue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) as a radiation-sensitive compound. The developed dosimeter is flexible, which allows it to adapt to various shapes and show a color change from yellowish to purple-brown during irradiation. The intensity of the color change depends on the type of UV radiation and is the highest for UVC (253.

An Optical Reusable 2D Radiochromic Gel-Based System for Ionising Radiation Measurements in Radiotherapy.

This work describes the development of a reusable 2D detector based on radiochromic reaction for radiotherapy dosimetric measurements. It consists of a radiochromic gel dosimeter in a cuboidal plastic container, scanning with a flatbed scanner, and data processing using a dedicated software package. This tool is assessed using the example of the application of the coincidence test of radiation and mechanical isocenters for a medical accelerator.

On the Use of the Fricke-Pluronic F-127 Gel Dosimeter for Radiation Isocenter Testing of a Medical Linear Accelerator.

This work presents a Fricke-XO-Pluronic F-127 2D radiochromic dosimeter with a flat-bed scanner for 2D reading and a dedicated data processing software package as a tool for performing coincidence testing of the radiation and mechanical isocenter of a medical accelerator. The optimal irradiation parameters were determined as follows: monitor units per beam and multi-leaf collimator gap, which are ≤750-≤2500 MU and 2-5 mm, respectively, for a cuboidal container with dimensions of 12 × 12 × 0.3 cm.

3D Polymer Gel Dosimeters with iCBCT 3D Reading and polyGeVero-CT Software Package for Quality Assurance in Radiotherapy.

Dynamically evolving radiotherapy instruments require advancements in compatible 3D dosimetry systems. This paper reports on such tools for the coincidence test of the mechanical and radiation isocenter for a medical accelerator as part of the quality assurance in routine radiotherapy practice. Three-dimensional polymer gel dosimeters were used in combination with 3D reading by iterative cone beam computed tomography and 3D data processing using the polyGeVero-CT software package.

Flexible Cotton Fabric-Based Ionizing Radiation Dosimeter for 2D Dose Distribution Measurements over a Wide Dose Range at High Dose Rates.

This work presents an ecological, flexible 2D radiochromic dosimeter for measuring ionizing radiation in the kilogray dose range. Cotton woven fabric made of cellulose was volume-modified with nitrotetrazolium blue chloride as a radiation-sensitive compound. Its features include a color change during exposure from yellowish to purple-brown and flexibility that allows it to adapt to various shapes.

The Surface Modification of Papers Using Laser Processing towards Applications.

This work presents the results of paper laser processing. It begins with the selection and examination of the processing parameters, then an examination of the properties of the modified papers and examples of applications of the developed modification method. The properties of laser-modified paper were studied using reflectance spectrophotometry to examine the colour aspects of the modified papers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy for a morphological analysis, and Raman spectroscopy to analyse the papers under the influence of laser light.

Capsule Dosimeters for Ultraviolet Radiation Measurements on Coral Reefs and in Seawater.

This work reports on the new chemical dosimeters for UV radiation dose measurements on coral reefs and in seawater. The proposed dosimeters can measure the actual dose of UV radiation, which consists of 95% UVA and 5% UVB radiation, unlike the currently-used radiometers in marine and ocean waters that measure the dose of UVA and UVB radiation separately. The dosimeters are composed of water, poly(ethylene oxide)--poly(propylene oxide)--poly(ethylene oxide) (Pluronic F-127) as a gel matrix, and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) as a UV radiation-sensitive compound.

Multi-Color Printed Textiles for Ultraviolet Radiation Measurements, Creative Designing, and Stimuli-Sensitive Garments.

This work concerns the new idea of textile printing with a multi-color system using pastes containing compounds sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A screen printing method based on a modified CMYK color system was applied to a cotton woven fabric. Aqueous printing pastes were prepared from thickening and crosslinking agents and UV-sensitive compounds: leuco crystal violet (LCV), leuco malachite green (LMG), and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) instead of the system's standard process colors: cyan, magenta, and yellow.

Features of 2Day.QA® as a 2D radiation dosimeter.

Purpose: A new commercial 2D ionising radiation dosimeter (2Day.QA®) was developed. This work aims to introduce the basic functions of 2Day.

Changes in the Laser-Processed Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Surface Observed by Using Raman Spectroscopy.

This works reports on the effects of treating the surface of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy samples with a laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm, operating in a pulsed and continuous mode. The obtained surfaces with different roughness, complexity and wettability were examined by Raman spectroscopy in order to recognize the presence of titanium oxides on the functionalized surface. The layer of titanium oxides on the surface with the identified rutile phase obtained by laser treatment in the continuous wave mode is a reason for a hydrophobic surface that appeared 50 days after the treatment process.

Fast Isocenter Determination Using 3D Polymer Gel Dosimetry with Kilovoltage Cone-Beam CT Reading and the PolyGeVero-CT Software Package for Linac Quality Assurance in Radiotherapy.

This work presents an approach to the fast determination of a medical accelerator irradiation isocenter as a quality assurance (QA) procedure in radiotherapy. The isocenter determination tool is the tissue equivalent high-resolution 3D polymer gel dosimeter (PABIG) in a dedicated container combined with kilovoltage imaging systems and the polyGeVero-CT software package (v. 1.

Impact of Salt on Thermal Stability and Dose Response of the Fricke-XO-Pluronic F-127 3D Radiotherapy Dosimeter.

Fricke-XO-Pluronic F-127 has recently been proposed as a 3D dosimeter for radiotherapy. It contains the typical ingredients of the Fricke ionizing radiation dosimeter, which are embedded in a physical gel of poly(ethylene oxide)--poly(propylene oxide)--poly(ethylene oxide) (Pluronic F-127). The main reactions upon irradiation are the conversion of Fe to Fe and the formation of a colored complex with XO ([XO-Fe]).

Golden and Silver-Golden Chitosan Hydrogels and Fabrics Modified with Golden Chitosan Hydrogels.

Golden and silver-golden chitosan hydrogels and hydrogel-modified textiles of potential biomedical applications are investigated in this work. The hydrogels are formed by reactions of chitosan with HAuCl·xHO. For above the critical concentration of chitosan (c*), chitosan-Au hydrogels were prepared.

Features of PABIG 3D Polymer Gel as an Ionising Radiation Dosimeter.

This work presents the features of the PABIG 3D polymer gel dosimeter. It consists of two cross-linkers: poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), as one biacrylic component, and ,'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), which is another cross-linker often used in 3D dosimeters. Additionally, it contains oxygen scavenges of copper sulfate pentahydrate and ascorbic acid.

Discolouring 3D Gel Dosimeter for UV Dose Distribution Measurements.

This work reports on a new TBO-Pluronic F-127 three-dimensional (3D) gel dosimeter for UV light dose distribution measurements. The optimal gel composition was found to be 60 µM Toluidine Blue O (TBO), which acts as a UV-sensitive compound; 5% / hydrogen peroxide (HO), which is necessary for initiation of TBO photodegradation and 25% / poly(ethylene oxide)--poly(propylene oxide)--poly(ethylene oxide) (Pluronic F-127), which forms a physical gel matrix. The dosimeter becomes discoloured when exposed to UV radiation and a discolouration is the more intense, the higher the absorbed dose is.

Study of NBT-Pluronic F-127 Gels as 1D UV Radiation Dosimeters for Measurement of Artificial Light Sources.

This work reports on radiochromic dosimeters for 1D UV light measurements. The dosimeter is composed of a 25% Pluronic F-127 that forms a physical gel matrix and nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) as a radiation-sensitive compound. This dosimeter was exposed to UVA, UVB and UVC radiation, and the radiochromic reactions were followed with reflectance spectrophotometry including changes in light reflectance and color coordinates in the CIELAB color system.

Study of the Optimal Composition and Storage Conditions of the Fricke-XO-Pluronic F-127 Radiochromic Dosimeter.

This paper presents the results of research on the Fricke-XO-Pluronic F-127 dosimeter. It consists of a Fricke dosimetric solution and xylenol orange (XO), which are embedded in a matrix of poly(ethylene oxide)--poly(propylene oxide)--poly(ethylene oxide) (Pluronic F-127). Upon irradiation, Fe ions transform into Fe, forming a colored complex with XO ([XO-Fe]).

Paper Doped with Polyacrylonitrile Fibres Modified with 10,12-Pentacosadiynoic Acid.

This work reports a modification of a fibrous cellulose material (paper) by the addition of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibres doped with 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PDA). The fibres are sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. When the paper containing PAN-PDA is irradiated with UV light it changes colour to blue as a consequence of interaction of the light with PDA.

Laser Light Trapping Phenomenon in a 3D Radiotherapy Polymer Gel Dosimeter.

This paper aims to explain the phenomenon of laser light trapping (LLT) in a 3D polymer gel dosimeter. A VIC-T polymer gel dosimeter containing 17% -vinylpyrrolidone, 8% ,'-methylenebisacrylamide, 12% tert-butyl alcohol, 5% gelatine, 0.02% hydroquinone and 14 mM tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride was used in this study.

NBT-Pluronic F-127 Hydrogels Printed on Flat Textiles as UV Radiation Sensors.

This work reports on the surface-modified woven fabrics for use as UV radiation sensors. The cotton and polyamide fabrics were printed with radiochromic hydrogels using a screen-printing method. The hydrogels used as a printing paste were composed of water, poly(ethylene oxide)--poly(propylene oxide)--poly(ethylene oxide) (Pluronic F-127) as a gel matrix and nitro blue tetrazolium chloride as a radiation-sensitive compound.

Application of high field magnetic resonance microimaging in polymer gel dosimetry.

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to examine the suitability of VIPAR polymer gel-9.4 T magnetic resonance microimaging system for high spatial resolution dose distribution measurements.

Methods: The VIPAR samples (3 cm in outside diameter and 12 cm in height) were exposed to ionizing radiation by using a linear accelerator (Varian TrueBeam, USA; 6 MV x-ray beam).

Clinical radiotherapy application of N-vinylpyrrolidone-containing 3D polymer gel dosimeters with remote external MR-reading.

Purpose: Advanced 3D dosimetry is required for verifications of complex dose distributions in modern radiotherapy. Two 3D polymer gel dosimeters, coupled with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (3 T MRI) readout and data processing with polyGeVero® software, were tested for the verification of calculated 3D dose distributions by a treatment planning system (TPS) and ArcCHECK®-3DVH®, related to eradication of a lung tumour.

Methods: N-vinylpyrrolidone-containing 3D polymer gel dosimeters were used: VIC (containing ascorbic acid and copper sulfate pentahydrate) and VIC-T (containing tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride).

Leuco crystal violet-Pluronic F-127 3D radiochromic gel dosimeter.

This work reports results related to the manufacturing and optimisation of a leuco crystal violet (LCV)-Pluronic F-127 radiochromic gel dosimeter suitable for 3D radiotherapy dosimetry. A feature of this gel is that the natural gelatine polymer, which is most often used as a matrix in 3D dosimeters, is substituted with Pluronic F-127 synthetic copolymer (poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide). Pluronic F-127 ensures a higher transparency than gelatine, which may be beneficial for optical computed tomography readout, and improves the thermal properties in the temperature range above ~30 °C at which the gelatine physical gel converts to a solution.

Examination of THPC as an oxygen scavenger impacting VIC dosimeter thermal stability and comparison of NVP-containing polymer gel dosimeters.

This work reports on the impact of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) on the properties of a VIC gel dosimeter (VIC is an abbreviated acronym of VIPAR). THPC was used as a substitute oxygen scavenger in VIC (17% N-vinylpyrrolidone, 8% N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, 12% tert-butyl alcohol, 7.5% gelatine, 0.

Substituting gelatine with Pluronic F-127 matrix in 3D polymer gel dosimeters can improve nuclear magnetic resonance, thermal and optical properties.

This work discusses the substitution of a gelatine physical gel matrix with a matrix made of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (Pluronic F-127) in five 3D radiotherapy polymer gel dosimeters: MAGAT, PAGAT, NIPAM, VIPAR (VIP) and VIPAR (VIC). The current research outcomes showed that not each polymer gel dosimeter could be manufactured with Pluronic F-127. Two of the polymer gel dosimeters (PAGAT and VIP) containing the Pluronic F-127 matrix allowed for some proper dose response for radiotherapy dosimetry (a response to a dose range of e.