Iron deficiency in sports - definition, influence on performance and therapy.

Iron deficiency is frequent among athletes. All types of iron deficiency may affect physical performance and should be treated. The main mechanisms by which sport leads to iron deficiency are increased iron demand, elevated iron loss and blockage of iron absorption due to hepcidin bursts.

Muscle-Derived IL-6 Is Not Regulated by IL-1 during Exercise. A Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Crossover Study.

Unlabelled: Exercise increases muscle derived Interleukin–6 (IL–6) leading to insulin secretion via glucagon-like peptide–1. IL–1 antagonism improves glycemia and decreases systemic inflammation including IL–6 in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, it is not known whether physiological, exercise-induced muscle-derived IL–6 is also regulated by the IL–1 system.

[Laboratory analyses in sports medicine].

Laboratory analyses in sports medicine are relevant for three reasons: 1. In actively exercising individuals laboratory analysis are one of the central elements in the diagnosis of diseases and overreaching. 2.

Acute effects of interval versus continuous endurance training on pulse wave reflection in healthy young men.

Aim: Our aim was to investigate the acute and 24-hour (h) effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate continuous training (MCT) on arterial pulse wave reflection, an established marker of arterial stiffness and cardiovascular risk.

Methods: In a randomized cross-over design, 21 young healthy male participants performed a HIIT or a MCT on separate visits. Before and 5 (t5), 20 (t20), 35 (t35), and 50 (t50) minutes after the acute exercise bouts, the crude augmentation index (AIx) and the AIx at a set heart rate (AIx@75) were analysed by applanation tonometry.

Aerobic, resistance and combined exercise training on arterial stiffness in normotensive and hypertensive adults: A review.

Exercise training has different effects on arterial stiffness according to training modalities. The optimal exercise modality for improvement of arterial function in normotensive and hypertensive individuals has not been well established. In this review, we aim to evaluate the effects of aerobic, resistance and combined aerobic and resistance training on arterial stiffness in individuals with and without hypertension.

Diurnal variation of arterial stiffness in healthy individuals of different ages and patients with heart disease.

Background: Arterial stiffness can be measured using various non-invasive methods. It is not well established whether it is necessary to standardize the time of the day when performing these measurements. The aim of the present study is to examine the effect of daytime on arterial stiffness in individuals with and without heart disease.

Balance and gait performance after maximal and submaximal endurance exercise in seniors: is there a higher fall-risk?

Impaired balance and gait performance increase fall-risk in seniors. Acute effects of different exercise bouts on gait and balance were not yet addressed. Therefore, 19 healthy seniors (10 women, 9 men, age: 64.

Recommendations for aerobic endurance training based on subjective ratings of perceived exertion in healthy seniors.

The study investigated physiological responses during 2-km walking at a certain intensity of a previously performed maximal exercise test where moderate perceived exertion was reported. Twenty seniors were examined by an incremental walking treadmill test to obtain maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). A submaximal 2-km walking test was applied 1 wk later.