HbA1c variability and long-term glycemic control are linked to diabetic retinopathy and glomerular filtration rate in patients with type 1 diabetes and multiethnic background.

Aim: To evaluate the associations between HbA1c variability and long-term glycemic control with microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients and multiethnic background.

Methods: T1D adults with ≥10 years of follow-up and ≥ 2 HbA1c measurements were included. Glycemic variability was evaluated by the standard deviation (HbA1c-SD), and coefficient of variation (HbA1c-CV), and glycemic control by mean HbA1c over 10 years.