Publisher Correction: The chemical basis of ferroptosis.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

'This is uncharted water for all of us': challenges anticipated by hospital clinicians when voluntary assisted dying becomes legal in Victoria.

Objective The aim of this study was to identify the challenges anticipated by clinical staff in two Melbourne health services in relation to the legalisation of voluntary assisted dying in Victoria, Australia. Methods A qualitative approach was used to investigate perceived challenges for clinicians. Data were collected after the law had passed but before the start date for voluntary assisted dying in Victoria.

The chemical basis of ferroptosis.

Lipid peroxidation underlies the mechanism of oxidative cell death now known as ferroptosis. This modality, distinct from other forms of cell death, has been intensely researched in recent years owing to its relevance in both degenerative disease and cancer. The demonstration that it can be modulated by small molecules in multiple pathophysiological contexts offers exciting opportunities for novel pharmacological interventions.

FSP1 is a glutathione-independent ferroptosis suppressor.

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of necrotic cell death marked by oxidative damage to phospholipids. To date, ferroptosis has been thought to be controlled only by the phospholipid hydroperoxide-reducing enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and radical-trapping antioxidants. However, elucidation of the factors that underlie the sensitivity of a given cell type to ferroptosis is crucial to understand the pathophysiological role of ferroptosis and how it may be exploited for the treatment of cancer.

Ferroptosis Inhibition: Mechanisms and Opportunities.

The past decade has yielded tremendous insights into how cells die. This has come with our understanding that several distinct forms of cell death are encompassed under the umbrella term necrosis. Among these distinct forms of regulated necrotic cell death, ferroptosis has attracted considerable attention owing to its putative involvement in diverse pathophysiological processes.

Comparative effectiveness and safety of image guidance systems in surgery: a preclinical randomised study.

Background: Over the past decade image guidance systems have been widely adopted in specialties such as neurosurgery and otorhinolaryngology. Nonetheless, the evidence supporting the use of image guidance systems in surgery remains limited. New augmented reality systems offer the possibility of enhanced operating room workflow compared with existing triplanar image displays, but recent studies have highlighted several concerns, particularly the risk of inattentional blindness and impaired depth perception.

Comparative effectiveness and safety of image guidance systems in neurosurgery: a preclinical randomized study.

Object: Over the last decade, image guidance systems have been widely adopted in neurosurgery. Nonetheless, the evidence supporting the use of these systems in surgery remains limited. The aim of this study was to compare simultaneously the effectiveness and safety of various image guidance systems against that of standard surgery.

Inattention blindness in surgery.

Background: Inattention blindness (IB) can be defined as the failure to perceive an unexpected object when attention is focussed on another object or task. The principal aim of this study was to determine the effect of cognitive load and surgical image guidance on operative IB.

Methods: Using a randomised control study design, participants were allocated to a high or low cognitive load group and subsequently to one of three augmented reality (AR) image guidance groups (no guidance, wireframe overlay and solid overlay).

Quantifying innovation in surgery.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the applicability of patents and publications as metrics of surgical technology and innovation; evaluate the historical relationship between patents and publications; develop a methodology that can be used to determine the rate of innovation growth in any given health care technology.

Background: The study of health care innovation represents an emerging academic field, yet it is limited by a lack of valid scientific methods for quantitative analysis. This article explores and cross-validates 2 innovation metrics using surgical technology as an exemplar.

Comparative effectiveness of 3-dimensional vs 2-dimensional and high-definition vs standard-definition neuroendoscopy: a preclinical randomized crossover study.

Background: Although the potential benefits of 3-dimensional (3-D) vs 2-dimensional (2-D) and high-definition (HD) vs standard-definition (SD) endoscopic visualization have long been recognized in other surgical fields, such endoscopes are generally considered too large and bulky for use within the brain. The recent development of 3-D and HD neuroendoscopes may therefore herald improved depth perception, better appreciation of anatomic details, and improved overall surgical performance.

Objective: To compare simultaneously the effectiveness of 3-D vs 2-D and HD vs SD neuroendoscopy.

Augmented reality partial nephrectomy: examining the current status and future perspectives.

A minimal access approach to partial nephrectomy has historically been under-utilized, but is now becoming more popular with the growth of robot-assisted laparoscopy. One of the criticisms of minimal access partial nephrectomy is the loss of haptic feedback. Augmented reality operating environments are forecast to play a major enabling role in the future of minimal access partial nephrectomy by integrating enhanced visual information to supplement this loss of haptic sensation.

The implications of megatrends in information and communication technology and transportation for changes in global physical activity.

Physical inactivity accounts for more than 3 million deaths per year, most from non-communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. We used reviews of physical activity interventions and a simulation model to examine how megatrends in information and communication technology and transportation directly and indirectly affect levels of physical activity across countries of low, middle, and high income. The model suggested that the direct and potentiating eff ects of information and communication technology, especially mobile phones, are nearly equal in magnitude to the mean eff ects of planned physical activity interventions.

Electrochemical and spectroscopic effects of mixed substituents in bis(phenolate)-copper(II) galactose oxidase model complexes.

Nonsymmetric substitution of salen (1(R(1),R(2))) and reduced salen (2(R(1),R(2))) Cu(II)-phenoxyl complexes with a combination of -(t)Bu, -S(i)Pr, and -OMe substituents leads to dramatic differences in their redox and spectroscopic properties, providing insight into the influence of the cysteine-modified tyrosine cofactor in the enzyme galactose oxidase (GO). Using a modified Marcus-Hush analysis, the oxidized copper complexes are characterized as Class II mixed-valent due to the electronic differentiation between the two substituted phenolates. Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) assesses the degree of radical delocalization onto the single sulfur atom of nonsymmetric [1((t)Bu,SMe)](+) at 7%, consistent with other spectroscopic and electrochemical results that suggest preferential oxidation of the -SMe bearing phenolate.

Assessing quality obstetrical care: development of standardized measures.

Background: No nationally accepted set of quality indicators exists in obstetrics. A set of 10 outcome measures and three quality improvement tools was developed as part of a study evaluating the effects of teamwork on obstetric care in 15 institutions and > 28,000 patients. Each outcome was assigned a severity weighting score.

Effects of teamwork training on adverse outcomes and process of care in labor and delivery: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of teamwork training on the occurrence of adverse outcomes and process of care in labor and delivery.

Methods: A cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted at seven intervention and eight control hospitals. The intervention was a standardized teamwork training curriculum based on crew resource management that emphasized communication and team structure.

Phase II trial of neoadjuvant vincristine, ifosfamide, and doxorubicin with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support in children and adolescents with advanced-stage nonrhabdomyosarcomatous soft tissue sarcomas: a Pediatric Oncology Group Study.

Purpose: To describe the response rate and survival of children and adolescents with unresected or metastatic nonrhabdomyosarcomatous soft tissue sarcomas (NRSTS) treated with vincristine, ifosfamide, and doxorubicin.

Patients And Methods: Between September 1996 and June 2000, 39 eligible patients received vincristine (1.5 mg/m(2) weekly for 13 doses), ifosfamide (3 g/m(2) daily for 3 days every 3 weeks for seven cycles), doxorubicin (30 mg/m(2) daily for 2 days for six cycles), and mesna (750 mg/m(2) for four doses after ifosfamide).

Role of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of surgically resected pediatric nonrhabdomyosarcomatous soft tissue sarcomas: A Pediatric Oncology Group Study.

Purpose: To prospectively study the value of adjuvant chemotherapy in pediatric patients with surgically resected nonrhabdomyosarcomatous soft tissue sarcomas (NRSTS).

Patients And Methods: From June 1986 to May 1992, after complete surgical resection (+/-radiotherapy) of their NRSTS, 81 eligible patients either received adjuvant chemotherapy comprising vincristine, dactinomycin, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin or were observed. Only 30 patients accepted randomization, and 15 were assigned to each regimen.

Treatment of unresectable or metastatic pediatric soft tissue sarcomas with surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy: a Pediatric Oncology Group study.

Background: The objectives of this study were to compare vincristine/actinomycin D/cyclophosphamide/adriamycin (VACA) with VACA/plus imidazole carboxamide (DTIC) (VACAD) therapy in regards to complete/partial response and event free survival rates in children and adolescents with metastatic non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas (NRSTS) or previously chemotherapy-naive recurrent NRSTS or locally persistent gross residual tumor after surgery and radiation therapy.

Procedures: Between 1986 and March 1994, 75 patients entered this randomized study comparing VACA and VACAD, given at 3 week intervals. Sixty-one patients were considered eligible and received chemotherapy and radiation therapy to the primary tumor and areas of metastases.

Second malignancies after Ewing's sarcoma: radiation dose-dependency of secondary sarcomas.

Background: An excess risk of second malignancies has been reported in survivors of Ewing's sarcoma. We examined a multiinstitutional data base to reevaluate the risk among survivors of Ewing's sarcoma and to identify possible causal factors.

Methods: Information was derived from a data base that included 266 survivors of Ewing's sarcoma.

The Marcus Gunn phenomenon. A review of 71 cases.

We have reviewed the clinical findings, natural course, pathologic observations, and management of 71 patients with the Marcus Gunn phenomenon. We found individuals with this syndrome to have a significant incidence of amblyopia (59%), double elevator palsy (25%), anisometropia (25%), and superior rectus muscle palsy (23%). Long-term follow-up did not reveal a case that improved with age.