Immunogenicity of a recombinant chimera composed of CROP domain segments from the hemorrhagic and lethal toxins of Paeniclostridium sordellii.

Paeniclostridium sordellii is responsible for severe infections in horses, cattle, and sheep; however, conventional vaccines exhibit limitations in production and immunogenicity. This study assessed the immunogenicity of a recombinant bacterin composed of a chimera (rQTcsHL) that combines segments from the lethal (TcsL) and hemorrhagic (TcsH) toxins in mice and sheep. Both immunized animal groups exhibited elevated levels of IgG, with the mice demonstrating moderate protection (<50%) against lethal challenges, comparable to that of the conventional vaccine.

Clostridium perfringens antigens and challenges for development of vaccines against necrotic enteritis in poultry.

Introduction: Chickens with Necrotic Enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens, exhibit acute and chronic symptoms that are difficult to diagnose, leading to significant economic losses. Vaccination is the best method for controlling and preventing NE. However, only two vaccines based on the CPA and NetB toxins have been commercialized, offering partial protection, highlighting the urgent need for more effective vaccines.

Iridaea cordata lipid extract associated with the rCP01850 protein of C. pseudotuberculosis elicited a Th1 immune response in immunized sheep.

Sheep farming contributes to the socioeconomic development of small and medium-scale livestock farmers. However, several factors can hinder successful animal production, as is the case for infectious diseases, such as the one caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, known as caseous lymphadenitis (CLA). CLA has >90% prevalence in Brazilian herds and antibiotic treatment is not effective, consequently causing significant economic losses to farmers.

Immunization of sheep with a recombinant vaccine containing immunogenic nontoxic domains of Clostridium perfringens alpha and beta toxins.

Clostridium perfringens (types A and C) can cause several diseases by secreting alpha (CPA) and beta (CPB) exotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract. Although vaccination is the main measure of immunization against C. perfringens, available vaccines have limitations in terms of productivity and safety.

Occurrence of ESBL-producing avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates in spiced chicken meat in Goias, Brazil.

Some extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates (ExPEC), obtained from humans and chickens avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), share similar virulence genes. Thus, products of avian origin can be a source of human infection.

Immunogenicity of an inactivated vaccine for intravaginal application against bovine alphaherpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5).

The present study was carried out to evaluate the intravaginal vaccine potential against bovine alphaherpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5). Sixty three cows were divided into seven groups (n: 9) and inoculated intravaginally (VA) or intramuscularly (IM) with inactivated BoHV-5, associated with the recombinant B subunit of the heat-labile enterotoxin of E. coli (rLTB), 2-hydroxyethylcellulose (Drug Delivery System A - DDS-A) or Poloxamer 407 (Drug Delivery System B - DDS-B) as follows: G1 (DDS-A + BoHV-5 + rLTB), G2 (DDS-A + BoHV-5), G3 (DDS-B + BoHV-5 + rLTB), G4 (DDS-B + BoHV-5), G5 (BoHV-5 + rLTB), G6 (Negative control) e G7 (Positive control).

Sporotrichosis in dogs: epidemiological and clinical-therapeutic profile and the emergence of itraconazole-resistant isolates.

Sporotrichosis is a neglected and emerging mycosis caused by the traumatic implantation of Sporothrix propagules into the (sub)cutaneous tissues of humans and animals. We evaluated canine sporotrichosis's clinical-therapeutic, epidemiological profile, and in vitro susceptibility of isolates to itraconazole. The variables were evaluated by a chi-square test.

Clostridium haemolyticum, a review of beta toxin and insights into the antigen design for vaccine development.

Phospholipases C (PLCs) represent an important group of lethal toxins produced by pathogenic bacteria of the Clostridium genus, including the beta toxin of C. haemolyticum. Bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle and sheep is the main disease caused by this pathogen and its incidence can be reduced by annual vaccination of herds.

Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to Aureobasidium pullulans infection in a dog.

A case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in a dog with an ulcerative lesion on the right limb during a post-operative period of castration was described for the first time. The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the fungal colonies growth on the Sabouraud‑dextrose agar were detailed. The fungus was identified as Aureobasidium pullulans on the basis of the phenotypic analysis, which was confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of rDNA.

Recombinant Vaccine Design Against Clostridium spp. Toxins Using Immunoinformatics Tools.

The emergence of recombinant DNA technology has led to the exploration of the use of the technology to develop novel vaccines. With a fundamental role in vaccines design, several immunoinformatics tools have been created to identify isolated epitopes that stimulate a specific immune response, contributing to effective vaccines development. In the past, vaccine development projects relied entirely on animal experimentation, a relatively expensive and time-consuming process.

Clostridium spp. Toxins: A Practical Guide for Expression and Characterization in Escherichia coli.

Farm animals are frequently affected by a group of diseases with a rapid clinical course, caused by Clostridium spp. and immunization is essential to provide protection. However, the current manufacturing platform for these vaccines has disadvantages and the main alternative is the use of an expression system that uses Escherichia coli to obtain recombinant vaccine antigens.

Recombinant Escherichia coli Cell Lysates as a Low-Cost Alternative for Vaccines Against Veterinary Clostridial Diseases.

This chapter describes a practical, industry-friendly, and efficient vaccine protocol based on the use of Escherichia coli cell fractions (inclusion bodies or cell lysate supernatant) containing the recombinant antigen. This approach was characterized and evaluated in laboratory and farm animals by the seroneutralization assay in mice, thereby showing to be an excellent alternative to induce a protective immune response against clostridial diseases.

Clostridium septicum: A review in the light of alpha-toxin and development of vaccines.

Clostridium septicum (CS) is a pathogen that can cause the death of animals in livestock worldwide through its main virulence factor, alpha-toxin (ATX). The aspects involved in diseases caused by ATX, such as economic impact, prevalence, and rapid clinical course, require that animals should be systematically immunized. This review provides an overview of CS in livestock farming and discusses current immunization methods.

Novel phage display-derived recombinant antibodies recognizing both MPT64 native and mutant (63-bp deletion) are promising tools for tuberculosis diagnosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death in humans worldwide. The most important causative agents of TB are bacteria from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), although nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can also cause similar infections. The ability to identify and differentiate MTC isolates from NTM is important for the selection of the correct antimicrobial therapy.

Immunomodulatory effect of short-term supplementation with Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112 and Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 in sheep vaccinated with Clostridium chauvoei.

The bacterium Clostridium chauvoei is the causative agent of blackleg in livestock, and vaccination is the most effective means of prevention. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of short-term supplementation with Bacillus toyonensis and Saccharomyces boulardii on the immune response to a C. chauvoei vaccine in sheep.

Evaluation of the expression and immunogenicity of four versions of recombinant Clostridium perfringens beta toxin designed by bioinformatics tools.

Beta toxins (CPB) produced by Clostridium perfringens type B and C cause various diseases in animals, and the use of toxoids is an important prophylactic measure against such diseases. Promising recombinant toxoids have been developed recently. However, both soluble and insoluble proteins expressed in Escherichia coli can interfere with the production and immunogenicity of these antigens.

Origanum vulgare essential oil: antibacterial activities and synergistic effect with polymyxin B against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

Antimicrobial resistance is increasing around the world and the search for effective treatment options, such as new antibiotics and combination therapy is urgently needed. The present study evaluates oregano essential oil (OEO) antibacterial activities against reference and multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab-MDR). Additionally, the combination of the OEO and polymyxin B was evaluated against Ab-MDR.

Antifungal resistance on Sporothrix species: an overview.

Introduction: The treatment of human and animal sporotrichosis is often performed with antifungal agents; however, the emergence of antifungal-resistant strains of Sporothrix species has been reported. We aimed to discuss the ability of Sporothrix species in developing resistance to the conventional antifungals and mechanisms for this.

Methodology: Published data on databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar) were investigated using a combination of keywords from 2008 to 2019 by the StArt tool.

Feline sporotrichosis: a case series of itraconazole-resistant Sporothrix brasiliensis infection.

The treatment of feline sporotrichosis is a challenge for veterinary clinicians since refractory cases may occur, due either to patient and/or to pharmacological management errors or due to the development of antifungal resistance. Thus, we aimed to describe the therapeutic history of feline cases infected by itraconazole-resistant Sporothrix brasiliensis in an endemic region of Southern Brazil. Medical records of cats attended at the Veterinary Clinic Hospital (Pelotas/RS, Brazil) between 2016 and 2017 were reviewed.

Parenteral adjuvant potential of recombinant B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.

Background: The B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB) is a potent mucosal immune adjuvant. However, there is little information about LTB's potential as a parenteral adjuvant.

Objectives: We aimed at evaluating and better understanding rLTB's potential as a parenteral adjuvant using the fused R1 repeat of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae P97 adhesin as an antigen to characterise the humoral immune response induced by this construct and comparing it to that generated when aluminium hydroxide is used as adjuvant instead.

Isolation, prevalence, and risk factors for infection by shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in dairy cattle.

Rectal swabs of 198 Holstein × Gir crossbred beef cattle from 34 milk farms in the central west of Brazil were analyzed from August 2010 to February 2011. Strains of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) were isolated from 72.73% (144/198) of the animals, on over 97% of the surveyed properties.