Physical exercise attenuates cognitive decline and reduces behavioural problems in people with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review.

Questions: What is the effect of physical exercise on cognitive decline and behavioural problems in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia? What is the effect of physical exercise on particular domains of cognitive function? How do training protocols and patients' characteristics influence the outcomes?

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.

Participants: People with MCI or dementia as their primary diagnosis.

Intervention: Physical exercise.

Examining the relationships between environmental barriers and leisure in community-dwelling individuals living with stroke.

Objective:: To characterize environmental barriers to leisure participation among individuals living with stroke; examine relationships between environmental barriers and leisure interest and satisfaction; and investigate participant factors associated with the perception of environmental barriers.

Design:: Survey.

Setting:: Community.

Physical exercise improves strength, balance, mobility, and endurance in people with cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review.

Question: Does physical exercise training improve physical function and quality of life in people with cognitive impairment and dementia? Which training protocols improve physical function and quality of life? How do cognitive impairment and other patient characteristics influence the outcomes of exercise training?

Design: Systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised trials.

Participants: People with mild cognitive impairment or dementia as the primary diagnosis.

Intervention: Physical exercise.

Effects of whole-body vibration on balance and mobility in institutionalized older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To investigate whether a comprehensive exercise program was effective in improving physical function among institutionalized older adults and whether adding whole-body vibration to the program conferred additional therapeutic benefits.

Design: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted.

Setting: This study was carried out in residential care units.

Optimal frequency/time combination of whole body vibration training for developing physical performance of people with sarcopenia: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To determine whether frequency and exposure time to whole body vibration influenced its effects on physical performance in seniors with sarcopenia.

Design: Randomized controlled trial Setting: A university sports training laboratory.

Subjects: Eighty community dwelling seniors with sarcopenia were recruited.

Reducing sedentary time and fat mass may improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in adults surviving 6 months after stroke: A phase I pilot study.

Introduction: Deranged glycaemic control is common post-stroke, increasing risks of recurrent stroke and development of diabetes. The aim of the study is to examine glucose metabolism in relation to body composition, physical activity and sedentary time post-stroke.

Patients And Methods: Observational study: Non-diabetic adults, unable to walk independently, were recruited within 2 weeks of first stroke.

Optimal frequency/time combination of whole-body vibration training for improving muscle size and strength of people with age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia): A randomized controlled trial.

Aim: To determine the optimal combination of frequency and exposure time of a whole-body vibration (WBV) training program for improving muscle performance of older people with age-related muscle loss.

Methods: A total of 80 community-dwelling older adults with age-related muscle loss were randomly divided into four equal groups, namely, low-frequency long duration (20 Hz × 720 s), medium-frequency medium duration (40 Hz × 360 s), high-frequency short duration (60 Hz × 240 s) and control (no training) for 12-week WBV training and 12-week follow up. Assessments were carried out at baseline, mid-intervention, post-intervention, mid-follow up, follow up for the cross-sectional area of the vastus medialis, isometric knee extension strength at 90°, and isokinetic knee extension at 60°/s and 180°/s.

Effects of whole body vibration on muscle spasticity for people with central nervous system disorders: a systematic review.

Objectives: To examine the effects of whole-body vibration on spasticity among people with central nervous system disorders.

Methods: Electronic searches were conducted using CINAHL, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, PubMed, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus and Scopus to identify randomized controlled trials that investigated the effect of whole-body vibration on spasticity among people with central nervous system disorders (last search in August 2015). The methodological quality and level of evidence were rated using the PEDro scale and guidelines set by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine.

Core stability exercise is as effective as task-oriented motor training in improving motor proficiency in children with developmental coordination disorder: a randomized controlled pilot study.

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of a core stability program with a task-oriented motor training program in improving motor proficiency in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD).

Design: Randomized controlled pilot trial.

Setting: Outpatient unit in a hospital.

Whole body vibration therapy in fracture prevention among adults with chronic disease.

Due to various physical impairments, individuals with chronic diseases often live a sedentary lifestyle, which leads to physical de-conditioning. The associated muscle weakness, functional decline and bone loss also render these individuals highly susceptible to falls and fragility fractures. There is an urgent need to search for safe and effective intervention strategies to prevent fragility fractures by modifying the fall-related risk factors and enhancing bone health.

Tibial bone geometry in chronic stroke patients: influence of sex, cardiovascular health, and muscle mass.

This study aimed to examine the geometry of the tibia in chronic stroke survivors. Fifty-five ambulatory individuals with chronic stroke were included in the study. pQCT was used to obtain a cross-sectional scan of the tibia at the 30% site on both the paretic and nonparetic sides.