Fractal Dimension Analysis of Peripapillary Microvasculature in Primary Congenital Glaucoma.

Precis: In this prospective multicenter study, eyes with primary congenital glaucoma exhibited lower retinal vascular parameters compared to healthy controls, as assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography fractal dimension analysis.

Purpose: To study the retino-choroidal peripapillary microvascular pattern in primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) using fractal dimension (FD) analysis and compare it to healthy controls.

Methods: This was a prospective multicenter comparative study.

Longitudinal Assessment of Retinopathy of Prematurity (LONGROP) Study: Impacts of Viewing Time and Ability to Compare on Detection of Change.

Purpose: This study compared two imaging grading techniques to assess the utility of longitudinal image-based analysis in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening: (1) time-limited without image comparison (a proxy for bedside indirect ophthalmoscopy, termed sBIO) and time-unlimited with image comparison (for telemedicine grading, termed TELE) screening. We tested two hypotheses: (1) H1: TELE was superior to sBIO for the detection of change (Tempo)-same, better, or worse and (2) H2: granular data of change (e.g.

Proteomic Analysis of Aqueous Humor in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Unveiling Novel Insights Into Disease Pathophysiology.

Purpose: Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ocular emergency that results from acute blockage of the blood supply to the retina and leads to a sudden vision loss. Other forms of ischemic retinopathies include diabetic retinopathy (DR), which involves chronic retinal ischemia and remains the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. This study is the first to conduct a proteomic analysis of aqueous humor (AH) from patients with CRAO with a comparative analysis using vitreous humor (VH) samples from patients with DR.

Fractal Changes of the Retinal Microvasculature in Birdshot Chorioretinopathy.

Background And Objective: Retinal vascular disorders are associated with lower fractal dimension (FD). We analyzed FD in birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR).

Patients And Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study.

Posterior Segment Manifestations of Syphilis and Correlation With Serologic Markers of Infection.

Background And Objective: Retrospective analysis correlating serologic titers of ocular syphilis with posterior segment manifestations.

Patients And Methods: This study consisted of 40 patients (80 eyes imaged, 68 affected) with positive rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and immunoglobulin G. We collected demographic and presentation data including HIV status, absolute CD4 count, RPR, cerebrospinal fluid-venereal disease research laboratory (CSF-VDRL) test, and retinal zone.

Fractal Changes of the Retinal Microvasculature in Syphilitic Uveitis.

Purpose: To quantify chorioretinal microvascular damage and recovery post-treatment in patients with acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis (ASPPC) using fractal dimension (FD).

Methods: Retrospective cohort study of patients with serologically confirmed syphilitic uveitis. We obtained optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) scans at baseline and follow-up after intravenous penicillin treatment and computed FD of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), and choriocapillaris (CC) using ImageJ.

RP2-Associated X-linked Retinopathy: Clinical Findings, Molecular Genetics, and Natural History in a Large Cohort of Female Carriers.

Purpose: RP2-associated retinopathy typically causes severe early onset retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in affected males. However, there is a scarcity of reports describing the clinical phenotype of female carriers. We tested the hypothesis that RP2 variants manifest in female carriers with a range of functional and anatomic characteristics.

Genetic analysis and multimodal imaging identify novel mtDNA 12148T>C leading to multisystem dysfunction with tissue-specific heteroplasmy.

Patients with mitochondrial disorders present with clinically diverse symptoms, largely driven by heterogeneous mutations in mitochondrial-encoded and nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. These mutations ultimately lead to complex biochemical disorders with a myriad of clinical manifestations, often accumulating during childhood on into adulthood, contributing to life-altering and sometimes fatal events. It is therefore important to diagnose and characterize the associated disorders for each mitochondrial mutation as early as possible since medical management might be able to improve the quality and longevity of life in mitochondrial disease patients.

RBP3-Retinopathy-Inherited High Myopia and Retinal Dystrophy: Genetic Characterization, Natural History, and Deep Phenotyping.

Purpose: To examine the genetic and clinical features and the natural history of RBP3-associated retinopathy.

Design: Multi-center international, retrospective, case series of adults and children, with moleculraly confirmed RBP3-asociated retinopathy.

Methods: The genetic, clinical, and retinal imaging findings, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF), were investigated both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.

Telemedicine retinopathy of prematurity severity score (TeleROP-SS) versus modified activity score (mROP-ActS) retrospective comparison in SUNDROP cohort.

Identifying and planning treatment for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) using telemedicine is becoming increasingly ubiquitous, necessitating a grading system to help caretakers of at-risk infants gauge disease severity. The modified ROP Activity Scale (mROP-ActS) factors zone, stage, and plus disease into its scoring system, addressing the need for assessing ROP's totality of binocular burden via indirect ophthalmoscopy. However, there is an unmet need for an alternative score which could facilitate ROP identification and gauge disease improvement or deterioration specifically on photographic telemedicine exams.

Effective field of view of wide-field fundus photography in the Stanford University Network for Diagnosis of Retinopathy of Prematurity (SUNDROP).

Five-field 130° wide-angle imaging is the standard of care for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening with an ideal hypothetical composite field-of-view (FOV) of 180°. We hypothesized that in many real-world scenarios the effective composite FOV is considerably less than ideal. This observational retrospective study analyzed the effective FOV of fundus photos of patients screened for ROP as part of the Stanford University Network for Diagnosis of Retinopathy of Prematurity (SUNDROP) initiative.

Modeling absolute zone size in retinopathy of prematurity in relation to axial length.

Treatment outcomes in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) are closely correlated with the location (i.e. zone) of disease, with more posterior zones having poorer outcomes.

Management of Type 2 Retinopathy of Prematurity or Less in Infants Aged 45 Weeks Postmenstrual Age or Older.

Background And Objective: This study aimed to identify the degree of concordance between fluorescein angiograms (FA) and fundus photographs (FP) in assessing the severity and potential need for treatment in infants 45 weeks or older postmenstrual age (PMA) with type 2 or less retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Patients And Methods: An observational retrospective case series performed at Associated Retinal Consultants, William Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, Michigan. All infants born between 2006 and 2016 with stage 1 to 3 ROP that did not meet type 1 ROP criteria (type 2 or less) who received ablative laser therapy during or after age 45 weeks PMA.

Fall risk in patients with pseudophakic monovision.

Objective: Vision changes can precipitate falls in the elderly resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that pseudophakic monovision and ensuing anisometropia and aniseikonia impact elderly fall risk. This study assessed fall risk in patients with pseudophakic monovision, pseudophakic single vision distance (classic cataract surgery), and cataracts with no surgery.

Statins and the progression of age-related macular degeneration in the United States.

Purpose: To study the effect of statin exposure on the progression from non-exudative to exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods: Retrospective cohort study of commercially insured patients diagnosed with non-exudative AMD (n = 231,888) from 2007 to 2015. Time-to-event analysis of the association between exposure to lipid-lowering medications and time from non-exudative AMD to exudative AMD diagnosis was conducted.

The Present and Future of Mitochondrial-Based Therapeutics for Eye Disease.

Mitochondria are viable therapeutic targets for a broad spectrum of ocular diseases.

Comparison between wide-field digital imaging system and the red reflex test for universal newborn eye screening in Brazil.

Purpose: To compare neonatal eye screening using the red reflex test (RRT) versus the wide-field digital imaging (WFDI) system.

Methods: Prospective cohort study. Newborns (n = 380, 760 eyes) in the Maternity Ward of Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo hospital from May to July 2014 underwent RRT by a paediatrician and WFDI performed by the authors.

Visual acuity and progression of macular atrophy in patients receiving intravitreal anti-VEGF for age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: Whether intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) cause retinal atrophy is still a subject of debate. We reported 13 eyes that received several injections of anti-VEGF for wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with good visual acuity despite geographic atrophy on imaging.

Methods: This is a case series study conducted at Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University.

Key factors in a rigorous longitudinal image-based assessment of retinopathy of prematurity.

To describe a database of longitudinally graded telemedicine retinal images to be used as a comparator for future studies assessing grader recall bias and ability to detect typical progression (e.g. International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ICROP) stages) as well as incremental changes in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Higher prevalence of fundus haemorrhages in early-screened (NEST Study) as compared to late-screened (SUNDROP Study) newborn populations.

Background/aims: To determine whether timing of ophthalmic screening influences prevalence of neonatal fundus haemorrhages. We compared the prevalence of fundus haemorrhages in two populations: term newborns screened early (less than 72 hours) and preterm newborns screened late (4-11 weeks). Additionally, we reviewed the literature on timing and prevalence of newborn haemorrhages.

Early angiographic signs of retinopathy of prematurity requiring treatment.

Background/objectives: Fluorescein angiography (FA) has been a pivotal tool to study the pathophysiology of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in vivo. We examined the course of ROP using FA in order to assess the predictive value of angiographic features.

Subjects/methods: This is an observational retrospective cohort multi-center study of eyes screened for ROP with binocular indirect ophthalmoscope and with FA.