and in commercial poultry: current control strategies and future challenges.

(Mg) and (Ms) are regarded as the most important avian mycoplasma species for today's chicken and turkey farming industry from clinical and economical perspectives. Control strategies for Mg and Ms have become more efficient due to investments in mycoplasma research over the last 70 years. These investments have contributed to the further implementation of serological and molecular testing, the development of vaccines, and the improvement of antimicrobial treatment strategies.

Pathogenic avian mycoplasmas show phenotypic differences in their biofilm forming ability compared to non-pathogenic species .

Mycoplasmas are known as the minimalist microorganisms in the microbes' world. Their minimalist nature makes them highly sensitive to the environmental conditions and limits their ability to survive for extended periods outside their animal host. Nevertheless, there are documented instances of mycoplasma transmission over significant distances and this phenomenon may be linked to relatively unexplored abilities of mycoplasmas, such as their capacity to synthesize biofilm-the predominant mode of bacterial growth in nature.

The Monitoring of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations during the Last Decade (2010-2020) Seems to Reveal a Comeback of Susceptibility to Macrolides, Tiamulin, and Lincomycin.

() is a highly contagious avian pathogen responsible for significant economic losses for the poultry industry. In some circumstances, antimicrobial treatment is useful to contain clinical signs of infection in birds. However, antimicrobial resistance emergence is now common among animal pathogens, becoming a worldwide health concern.

Silent Infection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b in a Commercial Chicken Broiler Flock in Italy.

From October 2021 to January 2022, different incursions of clade 2.3.4.

Herpetic Pneumonia in Indian Ringneck Parrots (): First Report of Novel Psittacid Alphaherpesvirus-5 Infection in Europe.

The first two European outbreaks of herpetic pneumonia caused by were diagnosed based on gross pathology findings, histological examination, transmission electron microscopy visualization and genome sequencing. The outbreaks, characterized by high morbidity and high mortality rates, involved two parrot species, namely the Indian ringneck parrot () and the Alexandrine parakeet (). Clinical signs observed were ruffled feathers, dyspnea, tail bobbing, open wings while breathing, depression and anorexia.

The pathogen Shows High Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations for Antimicrobials Commonly Used for Bovine Respiratory Disease.

is an overlooked pathogen often involved in bovine respiratory disease (BRD), which affects cattle around the world. BRD results in lost production and high treatment and prevention costs. Additionally, chronic therapies with multiple antimicrobials may lead to antimicrobial resistance.

Evaluation of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations for 154 Mycoplasma synoviae isolates from Italy collected during 2012-2017.

Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is a highly prevalent bacterial species in poultry causing disease and severe economic losses. Antibiotic treatment is one of the control strategies that can be applied to contain clinical outbreaks in MS-free flocks, especially because this bacterium can be transmitted in ovo. It becomes, then, very important for veterinarians to know the antibiotic susceptibility of the circulating strains in order to choose the most appropriate first-line antibiotic molecule as a proactive role in fighting antibiotic resistance.

First molecular detection of ball python nidovirus in Italy - Short communication.

A retrospective study was conducted to investigate the presence of ferlavirus, ball python nidovirus and bacteria in 32 tracheobronchial lavages from ball pythons raised in captivity and affected by respiratory disease. A touchdown reverse transcription polymerase reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect ball python nidovirus RNA targeting a 260-bp portion of the ORF1a gene, while a nested RT-PCR was applied to identify RNA targeting the 518-bp ferlavirus partial L gene. RT-PCR positive products were submitted for Sanger's sequencing and phylogeny reconstruction.

Antimicrobial susceptibility survey on bacterial agents of canine and feline urinary tract infections: Weight of the empirical treatment.

Objectives: This work characterised the antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens isolated from empirically treated dogs and cats. Within-household transmission of uropathogens can involve humans and companion animals. Knowledge on the prevalence and susceptibility pattern of isolates from canine and feline urine samples and the impact of prior antimicrobial treatment is important to prevent the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance.

DNA microarray assay and real-time PCR as useful tools for studying the respiratory tract Mycoplasma populations in young dairy calves.

Purpose: With more than 120 species, the genus Mycoplasma is one of the largest taxa in the class Mollicutes, a group of micro-organisms that are characterized by apparent simplicity and to which important animal pathogens belong. Mycoplasmabovis is the most frequently identified pathogenic Mycoplasma in cattle; however, the prevalence of other Mycoplasma species living in calves' airways is poorly understood. The aim of this work was to characterize the respiratory tract mycoplasma populations in calves on one of the largest dairy farms in Italy using a real-time PCR assay and a DNA microarray assay.

Serological and biomolecular survey on canine herpesvirus-1 infection in a dog breeding kennel.

Canine herpesvirus-1 (CaHV-1) is a globally distributed pathogen causing reproductive, respiratory, ocular and neurological disorders in adult dogs and neonatal death in puppies. This pathogen is considered poorly immunogenic, and neutralizing antibodies are found for only a short time following exposure. Further, seroprevalence can be affected by several epidemiological factors.