Online driver license renewal and road user injury and fatality in Washington State.

Objectives: Washington State implemented a new policy in 2004 that allowed drivers younger than 70 years old to renew their driver license by mail or online at every other renewal. Drivers aged 70 years and older were still required to renew in-person every 6 years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether this policy change was associated with motor vehicle crash (MVC) injury and fatality among drivers, non-drivers, and all road users aged 45-69 years.

A Matched Design for Causal Inference With Survey Data: Evaluation of Medical Marijuana Legalization in Kentucky and Tennessee.

A concern surrounding marijuana legalization is that driving after marijuana use may become more prevalent. Survey data are valuable for estimating policy effects, however their observational nature and unequal sampling probabilities create challenges for causal inference. To estimate population-level effects using survey data, we propose a matched design and implement sensitivity analyses to quantify how robust conclusions are to unmeasured confounding.

Demographic characteristics and trends of cell phone use while driving citations in selected states in the United States, 2010-2020.

Objective: Distracted driving is a leading cause of motor vehicle crashes, and cell phone use is a major source of in-vehicle distraction. Many states in the United States have enacted cell phone use laws to regulate drivers' cell phone use behavior to enhance traffic safety. Numerous studies have examined the effects of such laws on drivers' cell phone use behavior based on self-reported and roadside observational data.

Prescription drug monitoring programs and prescription pain medication misuse among U.S. high school students-2019.

Background: Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) are state-level databases that track and inform prescribing practices to reduce prescription drug diversion and misuse. To our knowledge, only three studies have examined the impact of PDMPs on opioid-related outcomes among adolescents, and none have focused on prescription pain medication misuse among adolescents.

Methods: This study leveraged data from the 2019 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) to explore the associations between five categories of PDMP dimensions and the prevalence of self-reported prescription pain medication misuse.

A comparison of licensed driver counts from the Federal Highway Administration and driver licensing agencies in 11 states.

: Those who study motor vehicle crashes may rely on counts of licensed drivers to estimate crash, injury, or fatality rates. These counts may be obtained from the U.S.

Mandatory Vision Test for Driver License Renewal in Association With Traffic Fatality and Injury Among Older Road Users in Utah.

In 2011, Utah began requiring that drivers aged 65 years and older pass a vision test at each license renewal. This study aims to investigate if the mandatory vision test associated with motor vehicle fatality and injury rates in older road users. We fit controlled interrupted time series analysis models to compare fatality and injury rates for older adults (65+) affected by the law to younger adults (45-64) unaffected by the law.

Associations between Adolescent Marijuana Use, Driving after Marijuana Use and Recreational Retail Sale in Colorado, USA.

Objective: We investigated associations between the retail distribution of recreational marijuana in Colorado and (i) past 30-day marijuana use and (ii) driving after marijuana use (DAMU) among a representative sample of public high school students using four waves of data from a state surveillance system.

Methods: Past 30-day marijuana use was assessed among all sampled students ( = 85,336). DAMU was assessed among students 15 years or older who indicated driving ( = 47,518).

The impact of Illinois' comprehensive handheld phone ban on talking on handheld and handsfree cellphones while driving.

Introduction: Distracted driving has been linked to multiple driving decrements and is responsible for thousands of motor-vehicle fatalities annually. Most U.S.

Short-term impacts of all-driver handheld cellphone bans on high-schoolers' texting while driving: quasi-experimental analyses of Illinois and Georgia.

Teen drivers are more likely than their older counterparts to engage in distracted driving. Many states prohibit cellphone use for teen drivers, but only prohibit texting for all drivers. Evidence that these laws have been effective is mixed.

Reporting of unknown drug test results in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and associated factors, 2000-2020.

Objective: To investigate how the percentage of unknown drug test results among drug-tested drivers in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) has trended over the past 2 decades and to evaluate factors that may affect a drug-tested driver having unknown test results in FARS.

Methods: The percentage of unknown test results among fatally injured drivers who were tested for drugs in FARS was assessed from 2000 to 2020. Trends in annual FARS drug testing data were compared with those for alcohol testing.

Talking on hands-free and handheld cellphones while driving in association with handheld phone bans.

Introduction: Concurrent use of a cellphone while driving impairs driving abilities, and studies of policy effectiveness in reducing distracted driving have yielded mixed results. Furthermore, few studies have considered how hands-free phone use associates with handheld phone bans. It is not clear whether hand-held phone bans dissuade some drivers from using the phone while driving completely, or whether it simply promotes a shift to hands-free use.

Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors Effect in Association with Driver's Medical Services after Crashes.

Motor vehicle crashes are the third leading cause of preventable-injury deaths in the United States. Previous research has found links between the socioeconomic characteristics of driver residence zip codes and crash frequencies. The objective of the study is to extend earlier work by investigating whether the socioeconomic characteristics of a driver’s residence zip code influence their likelihood of resulting in post-crash medical services.

Supervised perceptron learning vs unsupervised Hebbian unlearning: Approaching optimal memory retrieval in Hopfield-like networks.

The Hebbian unlearning algorithm, i.e., an unsupervised local procedure used to improve the retrieval properties in Hopfield-like neural networks, is numerically compared to a supervised algorithm to train a linear symmetric perceptron.

Recognition capabilities of a Hopfield model with auxiliary hidden neurons.

We study the recognition capabilities of the Hopfield model with auxiliary hidden layers, which emerge naturally upon a Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation. We show that the recognition capabilities of such a model at zero temperature outperform those of the original Hopfield model, due to a substantial increase of the storage capacity and the lack of a naturally defined basin of attraction. The modified model does not fall abruptly into the regime of complete confusion when memory load exceeds a sharp threshold.

Demographic and policy-based differences in behaviors and attitudes towards driving after marijuana use: an analysis of the 2013-2017 Traffic Safety Culture Index.

Objective: Marijuana policies in the United States have become more permissive, motivating research on demographic and policy-based differences in behaviors and attitudes towards driving after marijuana use. The Traffic Safety Culture Index is an annual survey with national scope and multiple measures relevant to driving after marijuana use. We tabulated responses to questions about driving after marijuana use from the Traffic Safety Culture Index based on demographic factors, recreational and medical marijuana policies, and per-se marijuana laws.

Identifying regions of inhomogeneities in spatial processes via an M-RA and mixture priors.

Soils have been heralded as a hidden resource that can be leveraged to mitigate and address some of the major global environmental challenges. Specifically, the organic carbon stored in soils, called soil organic carbon (SOC), can, through proper soil management, help offset fuel emissions, increase food productivity, and improve water quality. As collecting data on SOC are costly and time-consuming, not much data on SOC are available, although understanding the spatial variability in SOC is of fundamental importance for effective soil management.

Self-reported driving after marijuana use in association with medical and recreational marijuana policies.

Background: A common concern surrounding increasingly permissive marijuana policies in the US is that they will lead to more dangerous behavior, including driving after marijuana use. Although there is considerable research on the effects of marijuana policies on behaviours, few studies have examined self-reported driving after marijuana use. In this study, we use data from the Traffic Safety Culture Index (TSCI) to model self-reported past-year driving after marijuana use in association with medical and recreational marijuana policies.

Comparing distance and time as driving exposure measures to evaluate fatal crash risk ratios.

Background: The use of an appropriate driving exposure measure is essential to calculate traffic crash rates and risks. Commonly used exposure measures include driving distance and the number of licensed drivers. These measures have some limitations, including the unavailability of disaggregated estimates for consecutive years, low data quality, and the failure to represent the driving population when the crash occurred.

Factors Affecting Child Injury Risk in Motor-Vehicle Crashes.

Current recommendations for restraining child occupants are based on biomechanical testing and data from national and international field studies primarily conducted prior to 2011. We hypothesized that analysis to identify factors associated with pediatric injury in motor-vehicle crashes using a national database of more recent police-reported crashes in the United States involving children under age 13 where type of child restraint system (CRS) is recorded would support previous recommendations. Weighted data were extracted from the National Automotive Sampling System General Estimates System (NASS-GES) for crash years 2010 to 2015.

Sedation and Analgesia Influence Electroencephalography Monitoring in Pediatric Neurocritical Care.

Objectives: We assessed neuroactive medication use in critically ill children who require neurological consultation and evaluated the associations between administration of these medications and continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) utilization and seizure frequency.

Methods: We evaluated exposure to sedatives, analgesics, anesthetics, and paralytics in consecutive patients (0 days to 18 years) for whom neurological consultation was requested in three intensive care units (ICUs) [neonatal (NICU), pediatric (PICU), and cardiothoracic (PCTU)]) at one children's hospital. We assessed cEEG usage and seizure incidence in relation to drug exposure.

Predictors of restraint use among child occupants.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify factors that predict restraint use and optimal restraint use among children aged 0 to 13 years.

Methods: The data set is a national sample of police-reported crashes for years 2010-2014 in which type of child restraint is recorded. The data set was supplemented with demographic census data linked by driver ZIP code, as well as a score for the state child restraint law during the year of the crash relative to best practice recommendations for protecting child occupants.

Rating child passenger safety laws relative to best practice recommendations for occupant protection.

Background: State laws regarding child passenger protection vary substantially.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to develop a scoring system to rate child passenger safety laws relative to best practice recommendations for each age of child.

Methods: State child passenger safety and seat belt laws were retrieved from the LexisNexis database for the years 2002-2015.

[Whole laparoacopic trans-hiatal extended total gastrectomy with the Or-Vil device: preliminary results in the treatment of Siewert type II and III tumors].

Adenocarcinoma of the gastro-oesophageal junction is progressively rising in western countries and, because of its poor prognosis, presents a real clinical challenge for the oncological surgeon. We evaluate our initial experience with wholly laparoscopic trans-hiatal extended total gastrectomy with the Or-Vil device for treating Siewert type II and III tumours of the gastro-oesophageal junction. Ten patients were enrolled in the present study; ASA score, stage of disease, length of surgery, estimated blood loss, number of lymph nodes harvested, length of proximal margin clearance, morbidity and mortality were analysed.

[Laparoscopic total gastrectomy for multifocal gastric GIST: a case report and review of the literature].

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumours of the GI tract, deriving from interstitial Cajal cell degeneration. Over 95% of GISTs express CD-117 and CD-34, thus differing from other mesenchymal-derived tumours. The aim of this study was to evaluate our experience with a multifocal GIST, treated by laparoscopic total gastrectomy, and review the literature.