Intestinal microbiota changes induced by TNF-inhibitors in IBD-related spondyloarthritis.

Background: The close relationship between joints and gut inflammation has long been known and several data suggest that dysbiosis could link spondyloarthritis (SpA) to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The introduction of biological drugs, in particular tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi), revolutionised the management of both these diseases. While the impact of conventional drugs on gut microbiota is well known, poor data are available about TNFi.

How to handle patients with autoimmune rheumatic and inflammatory bowel diseases in the COVID-19 era: An expert opinion.

• A correct patient risk stratification is of paramount importance for the proper management of economic and human resources. • Clinical trials are crucial to assessing immunosuppressant prophylaxis and treatment to avoid overuse and treatment shortage. • Controlled studies may highlight a potential preventive role of immunosuppressant in the development of Covid-19 severe forms.

Measurement of Serum Klotho in Systemic Sclerosis.

Background: The aim of our study was to evaluate the serum concentration of klotho in a cohort of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients compared to that of healthy controls and to correlate its levels with the degree and the kind of organ involvement.

Methods: Blood samples obtained from both patients and controls were collected and analysed by an ELISA test for the determination of human soluble klotho. Scleroderma patients were evaluated for disease activity through clinical, laboratory, and instrumental assessment.

Performance capacity evaluated using the 6-minute walk test: 5-year results in patients with diffuse systemic sclerosis and initial interstitial lung disease.

Objectives: To identify factors indicating exercise-induced oxygen desaturation during the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) in patients with diffuse systemic sclerosis (SSc) and initial interstitial lung disease (ILD).

Methods: The study involved 121 consecutive adult anti-Scl 70 autoantibody-positive SSc patients with initial ILD, 93 of whom were followed up for five years. Before enrolment and then annually, the patients underwent high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), functional lung tests, with carbon monoxide diffusion capacity of the lung (DLCO) and its components (alveolar-capillary membrane [Dm] and pulmonary blood volume [Vc]), the evaluation of dyspnea before and after the 6MWT using the Borg scale, and transthoracic echocardiography.

Standard and pocket-size lung ultrasound devices can detect interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Objectives: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a frequent extra-articular manifestation of RA associated with increased mortality. High-resolution CT (HRCT) is used for diagnosis and follow-up, but its accuracy is counterbalanced by high costs and radiological risk. In the presence of ILD, lung US (LUS) detects vertical artefacts called B-lines.

WITHDRAWN: Abatacept as a first-line biological therapy.

The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.

Modulating the co-stimulatory signal for T cell activation in rheumatoid arthritis: could it be the first step of the treatment?

Advances in our understanding of the key mediators of chronic inflammation and tissue damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have fostered the development of targeted therapies and greatly expanded the available treatment options. Abatacept, a soluble human fusion protein that selectively modulates the co-stimulatory signal required for full T-cell activation, is approved for the treatment of moderate to severe RA in the United States, Canada, and the European Union. This review summarises the data on efficacy (disease activity, quality of life, prevention of structural damage) and safety from randomised clinical trials of abatacept plus methotrexate in patients with: i) active RA and an inadequate response to methotrexate who are naïve to biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; and ii) methotrexate-naïve early RA with poor prognostic factors.

Rheumatic manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease.

Musculoskeletal symptoms (articular, periarticular and muscular involvement, osteoporosis and related fractures, and fibromyalgia) are the most common frequent extra-intestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and affect 6-46% of patients. IBD-related arthropathy is one of a group of inflammatory arthritides known as seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SpA), which also includes idiopathic ankylosing spondylitis (AS), reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and undifferentiated SpA. The articular involvement in IBD significantly affects the patients' quality of the life.

Is it antiphospholipid syndrome?

The diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis remains a challenge, as nearly half of cases develop in the absence of preexistent heart disease and known risk factors. Not infrequently, a blunted clinical course at onset can lead to erroneous diagnoses. We present the case of a 47-year-old previously healthy man in which a presumptive diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome was made based on the absence of echocardiographically detected heart involvement, a negative blood culture, normal C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, a positive lupus anticoagulant (LAC) test, and evidence of splenic infarcts.

Patient preferences in the choice of anti-TNF therapies in rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a questionnaire survey (RIVIERA study).

Objective: To identify the determinants of anti-TNF-naive patients' preferences for the route of administration of anti-TNF agents.

Methods: The study was carried out in 50 Italian rheumatology centres (802 patients). All patients completed a 31-item questionnaire addressing their perceptions of current treatment and the preferences for treatment with anti-TNF agents.

Combined therapeutic approach: inflammatory bowel diseases and peripheral or axial arthritis.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), particularly Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are associated with a variety of extra-intestinal manifestations (EIMs). About 36% of IBD patients have at least one EIM, which most frequently affect the joints, skin, eyes and the biliary tract. The EIMs associated with IBD have a negative impact on patients with UC and CD, and the resolution of most of them parallels that of the active IBD in terms of timing and required therapy; however, the clinical course of EIMs such as axial arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, uveitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis is independent of IBD activity.

Predicting response to anti-TNF treatment in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Objective: To identify the clinical factors predicting failure or a good clinical response in the cohort of RA patients entered in the Lombardy Rheumatology Network (LORHEN) registry after 3 years of treatment with anti-TNF agents.

Methods: We studied the patients who had received anti-TNF agents and been followed up for a minimum of 6 months. Disease activity at baseline and after 6 months was assessed using the DAS28, and response was evaluated according to the EULAR improvement criteria.