Cervicogenic headache - How to recognize and treat.

Cervicogenic headache, described almost 100 years ago, only had its clinical awakening at the end of the century with the work of Professor Sjaastad. Its classic definition is the induction of trigeminal symptoms from cervical disorders, thanks to trigeminocervical convergence mechanisms. For this reason, it can manifest several features typical of migraine, leading to diagnostic errors.

Triple-seronegative myasthenia gravis: clinical and epidemiological characteristics.

Background:   (MG) is an autoimmune disease usually caused by antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR-Abs), muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK-Abs), or low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4-Abs). However, there are MG patients who do not have these antibodies and are thus said to have triple-seronegative (triple-SN) MG.

Objective:  This study aims to describe the frequency and clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with triple-SN MG.

Clinical characteristics of headaches in an urban Mennonite group in South Brazil.

Background: Genetic variants play a pathophysiological role in headaches, especially in migraine. The Mennonite group (MG) has been geographically and genetically isolated throughout its history, harboring a distinctive distribution of diseases.

Objective: To determine the characteristics of headaches in a group with direct Mennonite ancestry contrasting with other urban community members (control group [CG]).

Prevalence of trigeminocervical convergence mechanisms in episodic and chronic migraine.

Background: Migraine pain location and trigeminocervical convergence have limited diagnostic value and have usually been assessed using non-standard verbal descriptors in a small number of centers.

Objective: To use non-verbal descriptors of migraine pain location to determine the prevalence of trigeminocervical convergence mechanisms in patients with episodic and chronic migraine. In addition, we explored the factors associated with the presence of convergence.

OnabotulinumtoxinA for trigeminal neuralgia: a review of the available data.

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) patients may develop side effects from centrally acting drugs, have contraindications for neurosurgical procedures, or experience relapse during conventional therapies. OnabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT/A) has been reported to be effective for TN, although this finding has been challenged. An overview of the available evidence based on a narrative/qualitative analysis of the literature is presented.

Dopamine transporter imaging in clinically unclear cases of parkinsonism and the importance of scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDDs).

Unlabelled: The clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is susceptible to misdiagnosis, especially in the earlier stages of the disease. Recently, in vivo imaging techniques assessing the presynaptic dopamine transporter (DAT) have emerged as a useful tool in PD diagnosis, improving its accuracy.

Objective: It was to illustrate the clinical usefulness of a brain single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) DAT ligand, and highlight relevant aspects of scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDDs) in this context.

Influence of treatment in multiple sclerosis disability: an open, retrospective, non-randomized long-term analysis.

Unlabelled: The efficacies of immunosuppressive (IMS) and immunomodulatory (IMM) drugs for multiple sclerosis (MS) have been reported in several studies. These agents can reduce relapse rates and lesions observed by magnetic resonance imaging studies. However, the effect of these medications in disability progression over 4 years is rarely examined.