Cationic/Anionic Poly(p-Phenylene Oxide) Membranes: Preparation and Electrodialysis Performance for Nickel Recovery from Industrial Effluents.

Electrodialysis (ED) has already been applied to recover nickel in galvanizing processes, allowing nickel recovery and the production of a treated effluent with demineralized water quality. However, the growth in ED use is still limited by the production and commercialization of ion-selective membranes, currently limited to a few large companies. Therefore, this paper presents the development of homogeneous cationic and anionic membranes made from poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) for ED use.

Treated tannery effluent and its impact on the receiving stream water: physicochemical characterization and cytogenotoxic evaluation using the Allium cepa test.

Tanneries are considered some of the most polluting industries due to the heavy use of toxic compounds, most of which are released into water bodies, thus exerting adverse effects on aquatic biota. However, the effects on organisms of treated effluents when released into the natural environment are rarely evaluated. This study aims to assess the physicochemical parameters of a tannery effluent after treatment (TE) at a Common Effluent Treatment Plant as well as the water of the receiving stream and to evaluate cytogenotoxic effects in Allium cepa.

Phosphate adsorption improvement using a novel adsorbent by CaFe/LDH supported onto CO activated biochar.

It is imperative to remove phosphate from the aquatic system. This nutrient in excess can cause environmental problems such as eutrophication. Therefore, aiming to enhance phosphate removal, this work presents a novel adsorbent developed from the construction of Ca/Fe layer double hydroxides (CaFe/LDH) supported onto biochar physically activated with CO [CaFe/biochar (CO)].

Membrane Distillation: Pre-Treatment Effects on Fouling Dynamics.

In the research reported in this paper, membrane distillation was employed to recover water from a concentrated saline petrochemical effluent. According to the results, the use of membrane distillation is technically feasible when pre-treatments are employed to mitigate fouling. A mathematical model was used to evaluate the fouling mechanism, showing that the deposition of particulate and precipitated material occurred in all tests; however, the fouling dynamic depends on the pre-treatment employed (filtration, or filtration associated with a pH adjustment).

The Effect of pH on Atenolol/Nanofiltration Membranes Affinity.

Nanofiltration has been shown to be effective in removing pharmaceutical compounds from water and wastewater, so different mechanisms can influence treatment performance. In the present work, we carried out a case study evaluating the performance of two nanofiltration membranes in the removal of Atenolol (ATN)-a pharmaceutical compound widely used for the treatment of arterial hypertension-under different conditions such as operating pressure, ATN concentration, and solution pH. By determining the parameter, which quantifies the solute/membrane affinity, we verified that the solution pH influenced the performance of the membranes, promoting attraction or repulsion between the ATN and the membranes.

A critical review on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in water and wastewater. What do we know?

The COVID-19 outbreak circulating the world is far from being controlled, and possible contamination routes are still being studied. There are no confirmed cases yet, but little is known about the infection possibility via contact with sewage or contaminated water as well as with aerosols generated during the pumping and treatment of these aqueous matrices. Therefore, this article presents a literature review on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human excreta and its pathways through the sewer system and wastewater treatment plants until it reaches the water bodies, highlighting their occurrence and infectivity in sewage and natural water.

Experimental Design as a Tool for Optimizing and Predicting the Nanofiltration Performance by Treating Antibiotic-Containing Wastewater.

In recent years, there has been an increase in studies regarding nanofiltration-based processes for removing antibiotics and other pharmaceutical compounds from water and wastewater. In this work, a 2 factorial design with five control factors (antibiotic molecular weight and concentration, nanofiltration (NF) membrane, feed flow rate, and transmembrane pressure) was employed to optimize the NF performance on the treatment of antibiotic-containing wastewater. The resulting multiple linear regression model was used to predict the antibiotic rejections and permeate fluxes.

Performance of Nb/BDD material for the electrochemical advanced oxidation of prednisone in different water matrix.

Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat a variety of diseases. Consequently, these compounds have been found in water and wastewater matrix. Despite studies have proven its toxicity, just a few works investigate techniques to degrade and mineralize them.

The role of the anode material and water matrix in the electrochemical oxidation of norfloxacin.

The roles of the anode material, boron-doped diamond (BDD), with different boron (B) and substrate Silicon (Si) or Niobium (Nb) content, and one dimensionally stable anode (DSA), were evaluated in the oxidation of norfloxacin (NOR) by electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP). The effect of other components in real wastewater on the performance of EAOP was also studied. The anode materials were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, regarding diamond quality, electro-generation of oxidants and NOR oxidation mechanism (direct and/or indirect).

Impedance Analysis of Polyaniline in Comparison with Some Conventional Solid Electrolytes.

Doped polyaniline (PANI) is well-known as an electronic (polaronic) conductor and mostly is used as semiconductor in various applications. However, in the literature there are examples of employment of the acid doped form of PANI as electrolytic filler in proton exchange membranes. In order to distinguish between two types of conduction, in the present study powdered samples of polyaniline, either in the form of emeraldine base (PANI-EB) or in the form doped with camphorsulfonic acid (PANI-CSA), were investigated using impedance spectroscopy both in the dry state and in contact with liquid water.

Effects of tannery wastewater exposure on adult Drosophila melanogaster.

Our aim was to evaluate the effects of exposure to tannery wastewater on mortality and/or antioxidant enzyme system in adult wild-type Canton-S Drosophila melanogaster. Exposure to tannery wastewater induced a concentration-dependent lethality in adult Canton-S flies. Tannery wastewater was able to alter antioxidant enzyme activities, specifically glutathione peroxidase-like and glutathione S-transferase, in adult Canton-S D.

Effect of tannery effluent on oxidative status of brain structures and liver of rodents.

Oxidative stress has been considered as a central mechanism of toxicity induced by xenobiotics. Previously, it was demonstrated that mice exposed to tannery effluent showed an anxiety-like behavior, without any comparable behavioral effects in rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of tannery wastewater on oxidative status in in vitro and in vivo assays with two mammal species, mice and rats.

The effect of the UV photon flux on the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of endocrine-disrupting alkylphenolic chemicals.

The photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of 4-nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP4EO) using a low, moderate, or high UV photon flux in different treatment times was investigated. The byproducts were verified using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography with quadrupole mass analyzer (GC-qMS). The GC results showed that the use of a low (2.

Wastewater reuse in a cascade based system of a petrochemical industry for the replacement of losses in cooling towers.

This article discusses the mapping of opportunities for the water reuse in a cascade based system in a petrochemical industry in southern Brazil. This industrial sector has a large demand for water for its operation. In the studied industry, for example, approximately 24 million cubic meters of water were collected directly from the source in 2014.

The effect of sanitary landfill leachate aging on the biological treatment and assessment of photoelectrooxidation as a pre-treatment process.

The sanitary landfill leachate is a dark liquid, of highly variable composition, with recalcitrant features that hamper conventional biological treatment. The physical-chemical characteristics of the leachate along the landfill aging, as well as their effects on the efficiency of the conventional treatment, were evaluated at this paper. The feasibility of photoelectrooxidation process as an alternative technique for treatment of landfill leachates was also determined.

Treatment of solutions containing nonylphenol ethoxylate by photoelectrooxidation.

In this work the photoelectrooxidation (PEO) was applied in the treatment of a solution containing nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactant (NP4EO). The use of different lamps (125 and 250 W), current density (5 and 10 mA cm(-2)) and treatment time (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min) were investigated. The samples were characterized by UV/Vis, total organic carbon (TOC), gas chromatography associated to mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and ecotoxicity.

Exposition to tannery wastewater did not alter behavioral and biochemical parameters in Wistar rats.

There are scarce data on the neurotoxicity in mammalian induced by tannery wastewaters. Previously, the anxiogenic effect of tannery wastewater was demonstrated in mice, while wastewater submitted to photoelectrooxidation (PEO) process treatment did not affect the anxiety state. Considering that species may response differently to xenobiotics, the aim of the present work was to study the effects of exposure to tannery wastewaters (non-PEO or PEO-treated) on behavioral and neurochemical markers in another species of laboratory animals, specifically Wistar rats.

Genotoxic potential and physicochemical parameters of Sinos River, southern Brazil.

The present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical parameters and the genotoxic potential of water samples collected in the upper, middle, and lower courses of the Sinos River, southern Brazil. The comet assay was performed in the peripheral blood of fish Hyphessobrycon luetkenii exposed under laboratory conditions to water samples collected in summer and winter in three sampling sites of Sinos River. Water quality analysis demonstrated values above those described in Brazilian legislation in Parobé and Sapucaia do Sul sites, located in the middle and in the lower courses of the Sinos River, respectively.

Toxicological evaluation of landfill leachate using plant (Allium cepa) and fish (Leporinus obtusidens) bioassays.

The disposal of municipal waste in landfills may pose an environmental problem because the product of the decomposition of these residues generates large volumes of leachate, which may present high toxicity. The aim of this study was to assess the toxic and genotoxic effects of a sample of untreated leachate in fish (Leporinus obtusidens) and onions (Allium cepa). The leachate was collected in a landfill located in the region of Vale do Rio dos Sinos, southern Brazil.

Effect of landfill leachate on oxidative stress of brain structures and liver from rodents: modulation by photoelectrooxidation process.

The decomposition of solid waste in landfill is responsible for the formation of leachate, a dark liquid with an unpleasant odor; studies investigating its toxicity on mammals are rare. Oxidative stress has been considered as an important biochemical mechanism of the toxicity of several xenobiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of landfill leachate on oxidative parameters in striatum, hippocampus and liver homogenates of mice and rats.

Anxiety-like behaviour in mice exposed to tannery wastewater: The effect of photoelectrooxidation treatment.

The leather industry is a major producer of wastewaters and releases large quantities of many different chemical agents used in hide processing into the environment. Since the central nervous system is sensitive to many different contaminants, our aim was to investigate the neurobehavioral effects of exposure of mice to tannery effluents using animal models of depression and anxiety, namely forced swim and elevated plus-maze. In order to propose a clean technology for the treatment of this effluent, we also investigated the exposure of mice to effluents treated by photoelectrooxidation process (PEO).