Bonding efficiency and durability: current possibilities.

Bonding plays a major role in dentistry nowadays. Dental adhesives are used in association with composites to solve many restorative issues. However, the wide variety of bonding agents currently available makes it difficult for clinicians to choose the best alternative in terms of material and technique, especially when different clinical situations are considered.

Titanium implant functionalization with phosphate-containing polymers may favour in vivo osseointegration.

Aim: Osseointegration of titanium implants is predictable, but can be improved via surface functionalization.

Materials And Methods: One hundred and twenty implants were installed in parietal bone of 12 domestic pigs and left to heal for 1 or 3 months. Five groups were defined according surface treatments: immersion in water (H O), 10% polyphosphoric acid (PPA10), 1% phosphorylated pullulan (PPL1), 10% phosphorylated pullulan (PPL10) or 10% phosphorylated pullulan + 1 μg bone morphogenetic protein-2 (PPL10 BMP).

Phosphorylated Pullulan Coating Enhances Titanium Implant Osseointegration in a Pig Model.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of coating a titanium implant surface with a phosphorylated exopolysaccharide, pullulan, on the peri-implant bone formation and implant osseointegration.

Materials And Methods: Implants were placed in the skull bone of 12 domestic pigs and healed for 1 or 3 months. Osseointegration of (un)coated implants was evaluated by quantitative histology (peri-implant bone fraction [BF] and bone-to-implant-contact [BIC]).

Dentin-smear remains at self-etch adhesive interface.

Objective: The bonding potential of 'mild' self-etch adhesives may be compromised due to smear interference, as they may not dissolve/penetrate the smear layer effectively due to their relatively low acidity. We observed that the thickness of the dentin smear layer differed depending on the surface-preparation methodology used.

Methods: The interaction of an (ultra-)mild self-etch adhesive (Clearfil S3 Bond, Kuraray Noritake) with human dentin, prepared either using a medium-grit diamond bur ('thick', clinically relevant smear layer) or 600-grit SiC-paper ('thin' smear layer), or just fractured (smear-free), was evaluated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

3D-microleakage assessment of adhesive interfaces: exploratory findings by μCT.

Objectives: To explore the feasibility of a 3D-microleakage protocol for the evaluation of various configurations of adhesive-tooth interfaces.

Methods: Three different kinds of specimens were prepared: (1) a Class-I composite restoration placed without any bonding to maximize gap formation at the interface; (2) a glass-fiber post cemented with a self-adhesive composite cement into a prepared root canal; and (3) inlay MOD composite restorations placed with either a 1-step self-adhesive or a 2-step etch-and-rinse composite cement. After silver-nitrate (AgNO3) infiltration, the specimens were scanned using a Skyscan 1172 X-ray microtomograph (μCT; Skyscan Bruker) at 100kV, 100μA and 7.

Effect of insertion torque on titanium implant osseointegration: an animal experimental study.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of implant insertion torque on the peri-implant bone healing and implant osseointegration.

Material And Methods: Bilaterally in the tibia of five adult New Zealand white rabbits, 20 implants were installed, subdivided into four groups, corresponding to two insertion torque conditions (low, < 10 Ncm vs. high > 50 Ncm) and 2 experimental periods (2 weeks vs.

In vitro and in vivo investigation of the potential of amorphous microporous silica as a protein delivery vehicle.

Delivering growth factors (GFs) at bone/implant interface needs to be optimized to achieve faster osseointegration. Amorphous microporous silica (AMS) has a potential to be used as a carrier and delivery platform for GFs. In this work, adsorption (loading) and release (delivery) mechanism of a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), from AMS was investigated in vitro as well as in vivo.

Bond durability of self-adhesive composite cements to dentine.

Objectives: Clinically, the most easy-to-use composite cements are the so-called self-adhesive composite cements (SAC's). Hardly any data is however today available on the long-term bonding effectiveness of such luting composites. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond durability of different composite cements used to lute feldspathic ceramic blocks onto dentine.

Potential smear layer interference with bonding of self-etching adhesives to dentin.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of smear-layer interposition on the bonding effectiveness of self-etching adhesives with different etching potential.

Materials And Methods: Bur-cut dentin specimens were obtained from 25 human molars after preparation of the dentin surface with a medium-grit diamond bur (bur-cut). An additional 25 molars were fractured at the midcoronal dentin to create a smear-layer-free surface (smear-free dentin).

Bone tissue response to implant surfaces functionalized with phosphate-containing polymers.

Objectives: Inorganic polyphosphates are said to stimulate the activity of osteoblast-like cells in vitro. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vivo bone regeneration around implants treated with polyphosphoric acid (PPA) and phosphorylated pullulan (PPL).

Material And Methods: Two types of implants with different surface roughness (R1: Sa ≈ 0.

Bone tissue response to BMP-2 adsorbed on amorphous microporous silica implants.

Aim: To evaluate bone regeneration potential of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) adsorbed on amorphous microporous silica (AMS).

Materials & Methods: Four implants [titanium as control (CTR); AMS-coated titanium (AMS), BMP-2 adsorbed on titanium (CTR+BMP) and AMS (AMS+BMP)] were implanted randomly in the tibiae of 20 New Zealand white rabbits. Bone specimens with implants were retrieved 2/4 weeks post implantation and analysed histologically and histomorphometrically.

Effect of low-shrinking composite on the bonding effectiveness of two adhesives in occlusal Class-I cavities.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate if a low-shrinking composite can improve the bonding effectiveness of adhesives in highly constrained conditions. A low-shrinking composite ('els-extra low shrinkage', Saremco) was bonded in standardized occlusal Class-I cavities using a three-step ('cmf', Saremco) and a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive ('XP Bond', Dentsply). Both adhesives were also combined with a conventional composite ('Z100', 3M ESPE).

Three-year clinical performance of a HEMA-free one-step self-etch adhesive in non-carious cervical lesions.

Despite the fact that one-step adhesives are currently used routinely in clinical practice, long-term studies on their clinical performance are scarce. The objective of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to test the hypothesis that a 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-free one-step self-etch adhesive performs worse than a conventional multistep etch-and-rinse adhesive. Two-hundred and seventy-six non-carious cervical lesions in 52 patients were restored with a micro-hybrid composite (Gradia Direct; GC).

Bone tissue response to porous and functionalized titanium and silica based coatings.

Background: Topography and presence of bio-mimetic coatings are known to improve osseointegration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bone regeneration potential of porous and osteogenic coatings.

Methodology: Six-implants [Control (CTR); porous titanium coatings (T1, T2); thickened titanium (Ti) dioxide layer (TiO(2)); Amorphous Microporous Silica (AMS) and Bio-active Glass (BAG)] were implanted randomly in tibiae of 20-New Zealand white rabbits.

Clinical effectiveness of a one-step self-etch adhesive in non-carious cervical lesions at 2 years.

A 2-year randomized, controlled prospective study evaluated the clinical effectiveness of a one-step self-etch adhesive and a "gold-standard" three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive in non-carious Class-V lesions. The null hypothesis tested was that the one-step self-etch adhesive does perform clinically equally well as the three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive. A total of 161 lesions in 26 patients were restored with Clearfil AP-X (Kuraray).

Micro-tensile bond strength and interfacial characterization of an adhesive bonded to dentin prepared by contemporary caries-excavation techniques.

Objectives: To evaluate the micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) and interfacial characteristics of adhesive-dentin bonds produced after caries-removal with contemporary techniques.

Methods: Carious molars were cut at the base of the fissure, exposing 'sound' and 'carious' dentin at different spots. After caries-excavation, a composite was bonded using a 2-step self-etch adhesive.

Current concepts and techniques for caries excavation and adhesion to residual dentin.

The advent of "Adhesive Dentistry" has simplified the guidelines for cavity preparation enormously. The design and extent of the current preparations are basically defined by the extent and shape of the caries lesion, potentially slightly extended by bevelling the cavity margins in order to meet the modern concept of minimally invasive dentistry. New caries excavation techniques have been introduced, such as the use of plastic and ceramic burs, improved caries-disclosing dyes, enzymatic caries-dissolving agents, caries-selective sono/air abrasion and laser ablation.

The importance of adhesive area delimitation in a microshear bond strength experimental design.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of adhesive area delimitation on the microshear bond strength of different adhesives to dentin.

Materials And Methods: Eighteen bovine incisors were sectioned and the exposed dentin surfaces were prepared with 600-grit SiC paper. These teeth were randomly divided into three groups, according to the adhesive to be applied: two-step etch-and-rinse Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE), two-step self-etching Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray), and one-step Clearfil S3 Bond (Kuraray).

Towards a better understanding of the adhesion mechanism of resin-modified glass-ionomers by bonding to differently prepared dentin.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bonding effectiveness of a resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI) to differently prepared dentin and how this restorative material interacts with these distinct substrates. Also the potential adhesion-promoting role of a polyalkenoic-acid conditioner was assessed.

Methods: Forty-eight dentin surfaces were prepared from sound human molars and randomly distributed among 6 experimental groups.

Dynamic versus static bond-strength testing of adhesive interfaces.

Unlabelled: A static bond-strength test is often regarded as clinically less relevant, since such abrupt loading of the adhesive-tooth bond clinically never occurs. Therefore, dynamic fatigue testing is often claimed to better predict the clinical effectiveness of adhesives.

Objectives: To measure the micro-tensile fatigue resistance (μTFR) of adhesives bonded to dentin, and to compare their μTFR to their micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS).

Apatite formation on bioactive calcium-silicate cements for dentistry affects surface topography and human marrow stromal cells proliferation.

The effect of ageing in phosphate-containing solution of bioactive calcium-silicate cements on the chemistry, morphology and topography of the surface, as well as on in vitro human marrow stromal cells viability and proliferation was investigated. A calcium-silicate cement (wTC) mainly based on dicalcium-silicate and tricalcium-silicate was prepared. Alpha-TCP was added to wTC to obtain wTC-TCP.

TEM characterization of a silorane composite bonded to enamel/dentin.

Objectives: The low-shrinking composite composed of combined siloxane-oxirane technology (Filtek Silorane, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) required the development of a specific adhesive (Silorane System Adhesive, 3M ESPE), in particular because of the high hydrophobicity of the silorane composite. The purpose of this study was to characterize the interfacial ultra-structure at enamel and dentin using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Methods: Non-demineralized/demineralized 70-90 nm sections were prepared following common TEM specimen processing procedures.

Immediate bonding effectiveness of contemporary composite cements to dentin.

The objective of this study was to compare the one-week bonding effectiveness of nine contemporary composite cements used to lute ceramic to dentin and to determine an appropriate processing method for pretesting failures. The microtensile bond strengths (µTBS) of different luting agents including five self-adhesive cements (Unicem, 3 M ESPE; Maxcem, Kerr; Monocem, Shofu; G-Cem, GC; and Multilink Sprint, Ivoclar-Vivadent), two self-etch cements (Panavia F2.0 and Clearfil Esthetic Cement, Kuraray), and two etch-and-rinse cements (Calibra, Dentsply, and Variolink II, Ivoclar-Vivadent) were measured using a standardized protocol.

Bonding effectiveness of two contemporary self-etch adhesives to enamel and dentin.

Objectives: Among contemporary adhesives, self-etch adhesives have been adopted by general practitioners for routine adhesive restorative purposes, mainly because of their ease of use. However, many versions that differ for their clinical application procedure, pH, number of components, etc., are currently available on the market.

Optimization of the concentration of photo-initiator in a one-step self-etch adhesive.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of photo-initiator (camphorquinone) in an experimental one-step self-etch adhesive and to investigate the role of the photo-initiator.

Methods: Seven experimental one-step adhesives with a varying amount of camphorquinone ranging from 0 to 5.25wt% were prepared.