The effect of the calibre and length of needle on the stability of sclerosing foam.

Objectives: Little is known how calibre and length of needles affect the stability of sclerosing foam.

Methods: Foams were made of 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3% polidocanol, and 0.

Potential Involvement of Impaired Venous Outflow from the Brain in Neurodegeneration: Lessons Learned from the Research on Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency.

About 10 years ago, the so-called chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency syndrome was discovered. This clinical entity, which is associated with extracranial venous abnormalities that impair venous outflow from the brain, was initially found exclusively in multiple sclerosis patients. Currently, we know that such venous lesions can also be revealed in other neurological pathologies, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.