Invited Commentary: The Society for Epidemiologic Research-Striving for Equity in Our Own Backyard.

Using a bibliometric approach, Nobles et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2021;190(9):1710-1720) conducted a study to explore dimensions of participation at the annual meetings of the Society for Epidemiologic Research (SER).

Expulsion of intrauterine devices after postpartum placement by timing of placement, delivery type, and intrauterine device type: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: To provide updated and more detailed pooled intrauterine device expulsion rates and expulsion risk estimates among women with postpartum intrauterine device placement by timing of insertion, delivery type, and intrauterine device type to inform current intrauterine device insertion practices in the United States.

Data Sources: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov through June 2019.

Pre-diagnosis alcohol consumption and mortality risk among black women and white women with invasive breast cancer.

Background: Alcohol consumption is associated with increased risk of breast cancer; however, its association with subsequent risk of breast cancer death is unclear.

Methods: We followed 4523 women with complete information on relevant risk factors for mortality; these women were 35 to 64 years of age when diagnosed with incident invasive breast cancer between 1994 and 1998. During follow up (median, 8.

Factors associated with postpartum use of long-acting reversible contraception.

Background: Contraception use among postpartum women is important to prevent unintended pregnancies and optimize birth spacing. Long-acting reversible contraception, including intrauterine devices and implants, is highly effective, yet compared to less effective methods utilization rates are low.

Objectives: We sought to estimate prevalence of long-acting reversible contraception use among postpartum women and examine factors associated with long-acting reversible contraception use among those using any reversible contraception.

Intrauterine Device Expulsion After Postpartum Placement: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objective: To estimate expulsion rates among women with postpartum intrauterine device (IUD) placement by timing of insertion, IUD type, and delivery method.

Data Sources: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov from 1974 to May 2018.

Hormonal Contraceptive Use Among Women of Older Reproductive Age: Considering Risks and Benefits.

As women approach menopause, fertility declines but pregnancy can still occur. Maternal and infant risks are increased among women of older reproductive age compared with younger women. A high proportion of pregnancies among women of older reproductive age are unintended and these pregnancies can also be associated with negative maternal and infant consequences.

Body mass index at age 18 years and recent body mass index in relation to risk of breast cancer overall and ER/PR/HER2-defined subtypes in white women and African-American women: a pooled analysis.

Background: Although it has been well-documented that obesity is associated with decreased risk of premenopausal breast cancer and increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, it is unclear whether these associations differ among breast cancer subtypes defined by the tumor protein expression status of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2).

Methods: We evaluated the associations of body mass index (BMI) at age 18 years and recent BMI in relation to risk of breast cancer overall and ER/PR/HER2-defined subtypes, in 6320 women (3934 case-patient participants, 2386 control participants) aged 35-64 years, who participated in one of three population-based case-control studies. We estimated multivariable-adjusted odd ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using polychotomous unconditional logistic regression methods for case-control comparisons in premenopausal women and postmenopausal women.

Healthcare Provider Attitudes Regarding Contraception for Women with Obesity.

Background: Whether providers who regularly provide family planning services consider contraceptive methods as unsafe for women with obesity is unknown.

Methods: We analyzed questionnaire responses received from December 2009 to March 2010 from 635 office-based physicians and 1323 Title X clinic providers delivering family planning services, who were randomly sampled (response rate 65%) before the release of national evidence-based contraception guidelines. We examined provider and clinical setting characteristics and clinic patient demographics for association with provider misconceptions about safety of combined oral contraceptives (COCs), depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), or intrauterine devices (IUDs) for women with obesity.

Reproductive factors and the risk of triple-negative breast cancer in white women and African-American women: a pooled analysis.

Background: Early age at menarche, nulliparity, late age at first completed pregnancy, and never having breastfed, are established breast cancer risk factors. However, among breast cancer subtypes, it remains unclear whether all of these are risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

Methods: We evaluated the associations of these reproductive factors with TNBC, in 2658 patients with breast cancer (including 554 with TNBC) and 2448 controls aged 20-64 years, who participated in one of the three population-based case-control studies: the Women's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences Study, the Women's Breast Carcinoma in situ Study, or the Women's Learning the Influence of Family and Environment Study.

Use of combined hormonal contraceptives among women with migraines and risk of ischemic stroke.

Background: Migraine with aura and combined hormonal contraceptives are independently associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke. However, little is known about whether there are any joint effects of migraine and hormonal contraceptives on risk of stroke.

Objective: We sought to estimate the incidence of stroke in women of reproductive age and examine the association among combined hormonal contraceptive use, migraine type (with or without aura), and ischemic stroke.

Healthcare Provider Attitudes of Safety of Intrauterine Devices in the Postpartum Period.

Objective: Immediate postpartum intrauterine devices (IUDs) have been underutilized in the United States despite their known safety. Understanding how providers' attitudes contribute to underutilization is important in improving access. Our objective was to examine healthcare providers' perceptions of the safety of immediate postpartum IUDs before publication of United States contraceptive guidelines.

Contraceptive use among women with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review.

Background: Contraception is an important consideration for women with multiple sclerosis (MS); however, little is known about the possible effects of hormonal contraception on disease progression or other adverse outcomes (e.g., thrombosis, low bone mineral density).

Medications to ease intrauterine device insertion: a systematic review.

Background: Potential barriers to intrauterine device (IUD) use include provider concern about difficult insertion, particularly for nulliparous women.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the evidence on the effectiveness of medications to ease IUD insertion on provider outcomes (i.e.

Safety of hormonal contraceptives among women with migraine: A systematic review.

Background: Migraine is common among women of reproductive age and is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke. Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are also associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke. Use of hormonal contraception among women with migraine might further elevate the risk of stroke among women of reproductive age.

Progestin-only contraception and thromboembolism: A systematic review.

Background: Women with medical conditions associated with increased risk for thrombosis generally should not use estrogen-containing contraceptives; however, less is known about progestin-only contraceptives (POCs) and thrombosis risk.

Objectives: The objective was to identify evidence regarding the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) or arterial thromboembolism [stroke or acute myocardial infarction (AMI)] among women using POCs.

Methods: We searched the PubMed database for all articles published from database inception through January 2016 for studies examining thrombosis among women using POCs.

Unintended pregnancy risk and contraceptive use among women 45-50 years old: Massachusetts, 2006, 2008, and 2010.

Background: Little is known about unintended pregnancy risk and current contraceptive use among women ≥45 years old in the United States.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of women ages 45-50 years old at risk for unintended pregnancy and their current contraceptive use, and to compare these findings to those of women in younger age groups.

Study Design: We analyzed 2006, 2008, and 2010 Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, the only state in the United States to collect contraceptive data routinely from women >44 years old.

Contraceptive Use Among Women With Medical Conditions in a Nationwide Privately Insured Population.

Objective: To examine contraceptive use among women with selected medical conditions.

Methods: We used a nationwide health care claims database to identify women aged 15-44 years continuously enrolled in private insurance during 2004-2011 with and without selected medical conditions. We assessed current permanent and reversible prescription contraceptive use during October 1, 2010, to September 30, 2011, with diagnosis, procedure, and pharmacy codes and calculated prevalence by age and condition.

Hormonal contraception among electronic cigarette users and cardiovascular risk: a systematic review.

Background: Women who use combined hormonal contraceptives and cigarettes have an increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) events. We reviewed the literature to determine whether women who use hormonal contraceptives (HC) and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) also have an increased risk.

Study Design: Systematic review.

Reduced risk of breast cancer associated with recreational physical activity varies by HER2 status.

Convincing epidemiologic evidence indicates that physical activity is inversely associated with breast cancer risk. Whether this association varies by the tumor protein expression status of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), or p53 is unclear. We evaluated the effects of recreational physical activity on risk of invasive breast cancer classified by the four biomarkers, fitting multivariable unconditional logistic regression models to data from 1195 case and 2012 control participants in the population-based Women's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences Study.

Superficial venous disease and combined hormonal contraceptives: a systematic review.

Background: Superficial venous disease, which includes superficial venous thrombosis (SVT) and varicose veins, may be associated with a higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Use of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) has been associated with an increased risk of VTE compared with nonuse. Little is known about whether use of CHCs by women with superficial venous disease may further elevate the risk of VTE.

Sporadic contraceptive use and nonuse: age-specific prevalence and associated factors.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize age-group specific patterns in the stability of contraceptive use and to evaluate whether factors that are associated with nonuse and sporadic use, compared with stable use, differ by age among women who are at risk for unintended pregnancy.

Study Design: We used data from the 2006-2010 National Survey of Family Growth to characterize the prevalence of stable and sporadic contraceptive use and nonuse by age over a 1-year period. We used polytomous logistic regression models to assess the odds of contraceptive nonuse and sporadic use vs stable use.

Contraceptive counseling and postpartum contraceptive use.

Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the associations between prenatal and postpartum contraceptive counseling and postpartum contraceptive use.

Study Design: The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System 2004-2008 data were analyzed from Missouri, New York state, and New York City (n = 9536). We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the associations between prenatal and postpartum contraceptive counseling and postpartum contraceptive use, defined as any method and more effective methods (sterilization, intrauterine device, or hormonal methods).

Postpartum venous thromboembolism: incidence and risk factors.

Objective: To calculate incidence of postpartum venous thromboembolism by week after delivery and to examine potential risk factors for venous thromboembolism overall and at different times during the postpartum period.

Methods: A deidentified health care claims information database from employers, health plans, hospitals, and Medicaid programs across the United States was used to identify delivery hospitalizations among women aged 15-44 years during the years 2005-2011. International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis and procedure codes were used to identify instances of venous thromboembolism and associated characteristics and conditions among women with recent delivery.