Disparities in Child Development by Maternal Birthplace and Child Sex among Kindergarten Children in Manitoba, Canada: A Population-Based Data Linkage Study.

Little is known about differences in child developmental vulnerability before school entry according to maternal birthplace and sex. Official immigration records were linked with the Early Development Instrument assessments among children in kindergarten in the province of Manitoba, Canada (2005-2017). Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios of vulnerability in five developmental domains associated with maternal birthplace and child sex.

Discrimination and Racial Inequities in Self-reported Mental Health Among Immigrants and Canadian-Born Individuals in a Large, Nationally Representative Canadian Survey.

We examined the link between discrimination and self-rated mental health (SRMH) among immigrants and Canadian-born individuals, stratified according to an individual's identification as racialized or white. Using data from Canada's General Social Survey (2014) (weighted N = 27,575,000) with a novel oversample of immigrants, we estimated the association of perceived discrimination with SRMH separately among immigrants and Canadian-born individuals and stratified by racialized status. Among immigrants, we also investigated whether age-at-arrival attenuated or strengthened associations.

Infant rates of child protective services contact and termination of parental rights by first nations status from 1998 to 2019: An example of intergenerational transmission of colonial harm.

Background: Rates of child removal by child protective services (CPS) in Manitoba are the highest in Canada with a profoundly disproportionate impact on First Nations families. Despite infants constituting the highest proportion of children affected, no research has examined population-level rates of infant contact with CPS.

Objective: We examined the incidence of infant contact with different levels of CPS, including termination of parental rights (TPR), according to First Nations status.

Geographic Comparison of Dietary Intake and Quality in Manitoba Adolescents.

The Food and Nutrition for Manitoba Youth (FANS) study examined dietary intakes, food behaviours, food security status, health indicators, and body mass index of a cohort of grade 9 students. This paper describes regional differences and similarities in dietary intake (food and nutrients) and quality of youth participants in the FANS study. Grade 9 students completed a web-based survey on dietary intakes (24-hour recall), food behaviours, self-reported health indicators, and sociodemographic variables.

Identifying newborn discharge to child protective services: Comparing discharge codes from birth hospitalization records and child protection case files.

Purpose: Newborn removal by North America's child protective services (CPS) disproportionately impacts Indigenous and Black families, yet its implications for population health inequities are not well understood. To guide this as a domain for future research, we measured validity of birth hospitalization discharge codes categorizing newborns discharged to CPS.

Methods: Using data from 309,260 births in Manitoba, Canada, we compared data on newborns discharged to CPS from hospital discharge codes with the presumed gold standard of custody status from CPS case reports in overall population and separately by First Nations status (categorization used in Canada for Indigenous peoples who are members of a First Nation).

Child marriage and perinatal health in Ecuador, 2015-2020.

This study sought to estimate the prevalence and distribution of newborns to mothers under age 18 in Ecuador and the association between perinatal indicators and maternal marital status. Newborn records obtained from Ecuador's Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INEC) between 2015 and 2020 were used to assess the joint association between maternal age groups (10-15, 16-17, 18-19, and 20-24 years) and marital status (married, common-law, and single) with low birthweight, preterm birth, and inadequate prenatal care. The prevalence of newborns to mothers under age 18 was 9.

Intimate Partner Violence Among International and Interprovincial Migrants: A Population-Based Analysis of Canadian Linked Immigration and Justice Data.

Factors associated with IPV among immigrant women are not well understood. Using linked immigration and justice data, we compared the incidence of justice-identified IPV (JIIPV) among 58,564 international immigrant women born outside of Canada, 30,098 women born in other Canadian provinces (i.e.

Transnational prenatal care among migrant women from low-and-middle-income countries who gave birth in Montreal, Canada.

Objectives: There is little research examining transnational prenatal care (TPC) (i.e., prenatal care in more than one country) among migrant women.

Food Behaviours and Health Indicators in Manitoba Adolescents and Relation to the Healthy Eating Index.

Adolescence is a vital period of growth and development, both of which are dependent on adequate nutrition; however, concerns persist about poor nutrition and inappropriate food behaviours. In addition to nutrition assessment, the context of food and health behaviour is necessary to understand how dietary choices are shaped and related to diet quality. This study describes food-related behaviours and health indicators associated with dietary quality among adolescents in Manitoba, Canada.

The prevalence and predictors of household food insecurity among adolescents in Canada.

Objectives: Household food insecurity is almost four times more prevalent among adolescents than among older adults in Canada, and it adversely affects their health. Our objective was to describe the sociodemographic and geographic patterning of household food insecurity among adolescents.

Methods: Our analytic sample comprised all 12-17-year-old respondents to the 2017-2018 Canadian Community Health Survey with complete data on household food insecurity (n = 8416).

Assessing the migrant mortality advantage among foreign-born and interprovincial migrants in Manitoba, Canada.

Objectives: Studies on mortality differentials between international immigrants and non-immigrants produced mixed results. The mortality of interprovincial migrants has been less studied. Our objectives were to compare mortality risk between international immigrants, interprovincial migrants, and long-term residents of the province of Manitoba, Canada, and identify factors associated with mortality among migrants.

Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of marriage among adolescent mothers in Canada, 1989-2018.

Objectives: Female marriage before age 18 is a global health issue related to gender inequality, but it is understudied in Canada. This study examined marriage trends among mothers aged < 18 versus older mothers and the sociodemographic correlates of marriage among adolescent mothers aged < 18 and older adolescent mothers.

Methods: Using the Canadian Vital Statistics - Birth Database, marriage prevalence was estimated by maternal age groups (< 18-year, 18-19-year, 20-24-year, and 25-49-year) between 1989-1990 and 2017-2018 (n = 10,399,250).

Marital status, immigration, and reproductive health among adolescent mothers in Canada, 1990-2018: A population-based, observational study.

Immigrants to Canada increasingly come from regions where child marriage (<18 years) is prevalent. We described the prevalence, demographic characteristics, and reproductive health correlates of marriage among births to Canadian-born and foreign-born adolescent mothers. Using Canadian birth registrations from 1990 to 2018, marriage prevalence, parental birth region, and parental age gap were examined by maternal birthplace (Canada and 12 world regions) among births to mothers <18 years.

The Food and Nutrition Security for Manitoba Youth (FANS) study: rationale, methods, dietary intakes and body mass index.

Background: Good nutrition and access to healthy foods are essential for child growth and development. However, there are concerns that Canadian children do not have a healthy diet, which may be related to dietary choices as well as lack of access to healthy foods. The FANS (Food and Nutrition Security for Children and Youth) study examined the nutrition and food security status of youth in the province of Manitoba, Canada.

Psychosocial and behavioral health indicators among immigrant and non-immigrant recent mothers.

Background: Perinatal risk factors can vary by immigration status. We examined psychosocial and behavioral perinatal health indicators according to immigration status and immigrant characteristics.

Methods: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study of 33,754 immigrant and 172,342 non-immigrant childbearing women residents in Manitoba, Canada, aged 15-55 years, who had a live birth and available data from the universal newborn screen completed within 2 weeks postpartum, between January 2000 and December 2017.

Associations between child and adolescent marriage and reproductive outcomes in Brazil, Ecuador, the United States and Canada.

Background: Although marriage is associated with favourable reproductive outcomes among adult women, it is not known whether the marriage advantage applies to girls (< 18 years). The contribution of girl child marriage (< 18 years) to perinatal health is understudied in the Americas.

Methods: National singleton birth registrations were used to estimate the prevalence of girl child marriage among mothers in Brazil (2011-2018, N = 23,117,661), Ecuador (2014-2018, N = 1,519,168), the USA (2014-2018, N = 18,618,283) and Canada (2008-2018, N = 3,907,610).

The perinatal epidemiology of child and adolescent marriage in Brazil, 2011-2018.

Brazil is one of the top contributors of girl child marriages in the world and one of the United Nations' members that committed to end child marriage by 2030 as part of the Sustainable Development Goals. Child marriage is an indicator of gender inequality associated with poor health outcomes. However, the perinatal epidemiology of minor mothers (<18 years) according to marital status has been insufficiently studied.

Reproductive health among married and unmarried mothers aged less than 18, 18-19, and 20-24 years in the United States, 2014-2019: A population-based cross-sectional study.

Background: Studies in low- and middle-income regions suggest that child marriage (<18 years) is a risk factor for poor reproductive outcomes among women. However, in high-income-country contexts where childbearing before age 18 occurs predominantly outside marriage, it is unknown whether marriage is adversely associated with reproductive health among mothers below age 18. This study examined the joint associations of marriage and adolescent maternal age group (<18, 18-19, and 20-24 years) with reproductive, maternal, and infant health indicators in the United States.

Pain-driven emergency department visits and food insecurity: a cross-sectional study linking Canadian survey and health administrative data.

Background: As the leading cause of emergency department visits in Canada, pain disproportionately affects socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. We examine the association between household food insecurity and individuals' pain-driven emergency department visits.

Methods: We designed a cross-sectional study linking the Canadian Community Health Survey 2005-2017 to the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System 2003-2017.

Changes in health indicator gaps between First Nations and other residents of Manitoba.

Background: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada has called for better reporting of health disparities between First Nations people and other Canadians to close gaps in health outcomes. We sought to evaluate changes in these disparities using indicators of health and health care use over the last 2 decades.

Methods: We used linked, whole-population, administrative claims data from the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy for fiscal years 1994/95 to 1998/99 and 2012/13 to 2016/17.

The international Perinatal Outcomes in the Pandemic (iPOP) study: protocol.

Preterm birth is the leading cause of infant death worldwide, but the causes of preterm birth are largely unknown. During the early COVID-19 lockdowns, dramatic reductions in preterm birth were reported; however, these trends may be offset by increases in stillbirth rates. It is important to study these trends globally as the pandemic continues, and to understand the underlying cause(s).

Examining the relationship between food insecurity and causes of injury in Canadian adults and adolescents.

Background: Food insecurity, as an indicator of socioeconomic disadvantages and a determinant of health, may be associated with injury by increasing risk exposure and hampering risk mitigation. We examined the association between food insecurity and common causes of injury in the general population.

Methods: Linking the Canadian Community Health Survey 2005-2017 to National Ambulatory Care Reporting System 2003-2017, this retrospective cohort study estimated incidence of injury-related emergency department (ED) visits by food insecurity status among 212,300 individuals 12 years and above in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Alberta, adjusting for prior ED visits, lifestyle, and sociodemographic characteristics including income.

Linking national immigration data to provincial repositories: The case of Canada.

Background: Canadian health data repositories link datasets at the provincial level, based on their residents' registrations to provincial health insurance plans. Linking national datasets with provincial health care registries poses several challenges that may result in misclassification and impact the estimation of linkage rates. A recent linkage of a federal immigration database in the province of Manitoba illustrates these challenges.