Case report: Prolonged and severe hungry bone syndrome after parathyroidectomy in X-linked hypophosphatemia.

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by hypercalcemia resulting from autonomous parathyroid hormone production and usually occurs after a prolonged period of secondary hyperparathyroidism. This condition can be a complication of X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), a rare genetic disease characterized by renal phosphate loss and consequent hypophosphatemia. Parathyroidectomy is considered the first-line therapy but surgical intervention can be complicated by hungry bone syndrome.

Implementation of the WHO Standards to assess quality of paediatric care at the facility level using service users' perspective as source of data: a multicentre quality improvement study in Italy.

Objectives: There is little experience in the use of the WHO Standards for improving the quality of care (QOC) for children at the facility level. We describe the use of 75 WHO Standard based Quality Measures to assess paediatric QOC, using service users as a source of data, in Italy.

Study Design: In a cross-sectional study including 12 hospitals, parents/caregivers of admitted children completed a validated questionnaire including 75 Quality Measures: 40 pertinent to the domain of experience of care; 25 to physical/structural resources; 10 to COVID-19 reorganisational changes.

Proteinuria and hematuria as early signs of renal involvement in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Objectives: To evaluate glomerular and tubular renal functions and analyze blood pressure in a cohort of pediatric patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).

Methods: A total of 40 pediatric patients, 20 (50%) with JIA and 20 (50%) healthy control subjects, were studied, and performed the renal function on 24-h collection and the 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Moreover, we compared renal function and blood pressure trends between the groups of JIA patients with different disease activities.

Small Bowel Imaging from Stepchild of Roentgenology to MR Enterography, Part II: The Reliable Disclosure of Crohn's Disease and Non-Inflammatory Small Bowel Disorder Plot through MRI Findings.

MRE has become a standard imaging test for evaluating patients with small bowel pathology, but a rigorous methodology for describing and interpreting the pathological findings is mandatory. Strictures, abscess, inflammatory activity, sinus tract, wall edema, fistula, mucosal lesions, strictures, and mesentery fat hypertrophy are all indicators of small bowel damage in inflammatory and non-inflammatory small bowel disease, and they are all commonly and accurately explained by MRE. MRE is a non-invasive modality that accurately assesses the intra-luminal, parietal, and extra-luminal small bowel.

Small Bowel Imaging from Stepchild of Roentgenology to MR Enterography: Part I: Guidance in Performing and Observing Normal and Abnormal Imaging Findings.

MRE has become a standard imaging test for evaluating patients with small bowel pathology, but the indications, interpretation of imaging findings, methodology, and appropriate use must be standardized and widely known. Several signs of small bowel damage in inflammatory and non-inflammatory small bowel pathology include strictures, abscess, inflammatory activity, sinus tract, wall edema, fistula, mucosal lesions, and mesentery fat hypertrophy, all of which are widely and accurately explained by MRE. MRE is a non-invasive modality that accurately assesses the intra-luminal, parietal, and extra-luminal small bowel.

Efficacy of Burosumab Every 2 Weeks in an Adult with X-Linked Hypophosphatemia: Should We Learn from Children?

X-linked hypophosphatemia is a genetic condition that leads to fibroblast-growth-factor 23 (FGF23) increase, causing phosphate renal wasting. Since 2018, burosumab, an anti-FGF23 antibody, has been used for this disease with different dosage in children and adults. We report the case of burosumab administration every 2 weeks, as usually done in children.

Point-of-Care Thoracic Ultrasound in Children: New Advances in Pediatric Emergency Setting.

Point-of-care thoracic ultrasound at the patient's bedside has increased significantly recently, especially in pediatric settings. Its low cost, rapidity, simplicity, and repeatability make it a practical examination to guide diagnosis and treatment choices, especially in pediatric emergency departments. The fields of application of this innovative imaging method are many and include primarily the study of lungs but also that of the heart, diaphragm, and vessels.

Post-Infectious Acute Cerebellar Ataxia Treatment, a Case Report and Review of Literature.

Background: infectious mononucleosis is very common during childhood and neurological manifestations are extremely rare. However, when they occur, an appropriate treatment must be undertaken to reduce morbidity and mortality as well as to ensure appropriate management.

Methods: we describe the clinical and neurological records of a female patient with post-EBV acute cerebellar ataxia, whose symptoms rapidly resolved with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.

Emergency Department Admissions of Children with Chest Pain before and during COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objectives: We compared the number of accesses, causes, and instrumental evaluations of chest pain in children between the pre-COVID-19 era and the COVID-19 period and analyzed the assessment performed in children with chest pain, highlighting unnecessary examinations.

Methods: We enrolled children with chest pain admitted to our emergency department between January 2019 and May 2021. We collected demographic and clinical characteristics and findings on physical examinations, laboratory tests, and diagnostic evaluations.

Smell and Taste in Children with Covid-19.

Objectives: To assess the frequency of loss of smell and taste in children during Covid-19 infection and their prevalence along with other symptoms, as well as the recovery of chemosensory function once healed.

Methods: To evaluate symptoms during infection, we adapted the Scandinavian adaptation of the Multi-Clinic Smell and Taste Questionnaire and the modified Monel-Jefferson questionnaire. For smell analysis we used Odor Identification (OI) and two variants of the Odor Discrimination (OD) test, and we compared the results with those of a control group.

Cross-Sectional Survey on BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Serious Adverse Events in Children 5 to 11 Years of Age: A Monocentric Experience.

Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the safety of COVID-19 vaccine in children resident in the Latina Local Health Authority.

Methods: We conducted a telephone survey among children aged 5-11 years receiving BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine between December 15 and 21. The main outcomes included the presence of allergic reactions or anaphylaxis, adverse events after 24-48 h, 7 and 20 days of taking the first and second doses of medications, and documented SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination.

Comparing parental distress and children's difficulties between parents of children with rheumatic diseases and parents of healthy children in families facing the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic could be a threat for the health status of children with a chronic condition. The present study aimed to explore parents' and children's psychological adjustment during the current pandemic, pursuing a triple objective: to compare the psychological adjustment of parents of children with pediatric rheumatic diseases (PRDs) and parents of healthy children; to analyze children's psychological symptoms (emotional problems and hyperactivity) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and with or without a PRDs diagnosis; to explore the associations of children's emotional problems and hyperactivity with parents' psychological adjustment, parent-child interactions and belonging or not to families with PRDs. This cross-sectional study involved 56 parents of children with PRDs and 53 parents of healthy children.

Assessment of Cardio-Respiratory Function in Overweight and Obese Children Wearing Face Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective: To evaluate whether the use of a surgical and N95 mask for overweight and obese children was associated with respiratory distress.

Methods: We enrolled 15 healthy and 14 overweight or obese children. We performed two sessions: one wearing a surgical, the other an N95 mask.

Adenomesenteritis following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Children: A Case Report and Review of The Literature.

At present, the vaccine authorized in children aged 5 years and older is the BNT162b2 messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine. Unlike adults, there is limited data available in the pediatric age describing adverse events after vaccine. We report a case of adenomesenteritis in a young girl following the first dose of vaccine.

Evaluation of Renal Function and Scars in Children With Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux.

Objective: To evaluate growth, glomerular and tubular function, renal damage, scars in children affected by primary VUR.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical records of our Unit from January 2006 to September 2020. For each patient we evaluated growth, laboratoristic and scintigraphic glomerular and tubular function, renal damage and collective system urodynamics at baseline and at the last visit.

Clinical picture and long-term symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection in an Italian pediatric population.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pediatric age group has a milder course than in adults, but in some cases even children may present with severe forms or develop long-term consequences. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features, long-term effects, lifestyle changes and psychological effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a pediatric sample of the Italian population.

Methods: We conducted a telephone survey among 3075 children infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the Latina Local Health Authority.

Evaluation of Risk for Thromboembolic Events in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Objectives: The occurrence of thrombotic events in adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is linked to multiple interactions between hereditary and acquired risk factors. There are few published data concerning children with iBD. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of thromboembolic risk factors also in children with iBD.

Change in Pediatric Health Care Spending and Drug Utilization during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective: To evaluate how the restrictive measures implemented during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have influenced the incidence of the most common children's diseases and the consumption of medications in 2020 compared to 2019.

Methods: We involved all family pediatricians of the local health authority of Latina, from which we requested data of monthly visits in 2019 and 2020 for six common diseases disseminated through droplets and contact, and the territorial and integrative pharmaceutical unit of the area, from which we requested data of the net expenditure regarding the most commonly used drugs at pediatric age.

Results: There was significant reduction in the incidence of the evaluated diseases and in the consumption of investigated drugs between 2019 and 2020 in the months when the restrictive measures were in place, with an attenuation of this effect during the months of the gradual loosening of those measures.

Physical and Neurological Development of a Girl Born to a Mother with Methylmalonic Acidemia and Kidney Transplantation and Review of the Literature.

Background: actual literature suggests that children of methylmalonic acidemia patients are mostly healthy, but data are only partial, especially regarding long-term outcome. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the possible long-term neurological effects of fetal exposure to high levels of methylmalonic acid in a child of a renal transplant recipient.

Methods: we retrospectively evaluated the clinical and neurological records of a girl whose mother is a kidney transplant recipient affected by methylmalonic acidemia.

Assessment of respiratory function in children wearing a N95 mask with or without an exhalation valve: Data compared.

In response to the current COVID-19 pandemic, universal face masking represents one of the most important strategies to limit the spread of infection. However, their use in children is still highly debated (Esposito and Principi, 2020; Esposito et al., 2020) and there are few data (Lubrano et al.

Single-centre retrospective analysis of the best timing for the QTc interval length assessment in neonates.

Objective: To evaluate the best timing for ECG screening in order to diagnose long QT syndrome and lower, at the same time, the false positives.

Design: We retrospectively evaluated the corrected QT (QTc) interval in the clinical reports of the ECG screening performed, as per internal protocol.

Setting: An outpatient setting in our Unit of Neonatology and Pediatrics, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital in Latina, Italy.