Long-term efficacy of daily oral semaglutide as add-on or switch therapy in adults with type 2 diabetes: a 12-month real-world retrospective study.

Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of oral semaglutide, either as an add-on or replacement therapy, in improving glycemic control, body weight, and cardiovascular parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: This real-world study evaluated changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body weight, and parameters of cardiovascular risk from baseline to a 12-month follow-up visit. The primary endpoint was the change in HbA1c between baseline and follow-up.

Pregnancy and Diabetes in Turin: Lights and Shadows from Real Life Data.

Background: From 2021, PSDTA for women with pregnancy complicated by diabetes will be active in the ASL city of Turin; given the city's increasing multiculturalism, we decided to evaluate from this point of view the patients who entered this pathway.

Methods: Data on women from 1/10/2022 to 30/09/2023 were collected from the computerized medical record.

Results: Total patients: 304, Type of diabetes: T1D 3%; MODY < 1%; T2D 4% Diabetes manifested in pregnancy (DMIP) 2%, GDM 90%, Foreigners prevalence: GDM: 67%, T2D%, T1D: Foreign 11%, Planned vs.

Effects of Insufficient Sleep on Pituitary-Adrenocortical Response to CRH Stimulation in Healthy Men.

Study Objectives: Severe sleep restriction results in elevated evening cortisol levels. We examined whether this relative hypercortisolism is associated with alterations in the pituitary-adrenocortical response to evening corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation.

Methods: Eleven subjects participated in 2 sessions (2 nights of 10 hours vs.

Role of sleep duration in the regulation of glucose metabolism and appetite.

Sleep curtailment has become a common behavior in modern society. This review summarizes the current laboratory evidence indicating that sleep loss may contribute to the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus and obesity. Experimentally induced sleep loss in healthy volunteers decreases insulin sensitivity without adequate compensation in beta-cell function, resulting in impaired glucose tolerance and increased diabetes risk.

Impact of sleep and its disturbances on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.

The daily rhythm of cortisol secretion is relatively stable and primarily under the influence of the circadian clock. Nevertheless, several other factors affect hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Sleep has modest but clearly detectable modulatory effects on HPA axis activity.

Neuroendocrine alterations in obese patients with sleep apnea syndrome.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a serious, prevalent condition that has significant morbidity and mortality when untreated. It is strongly associated with obesity and is characterized by changes in the serum levels or secretory patterns of several hormones. Obese patients with OSAS show a reduction of both spontaneous and stimulated growth hormone (GH) secretion coupled to reduced insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations and impaired peripheral sensitivity to GH.

Corticotrope hypersecretion coupled with cortisol hypo-responsiveness to stimuli is present in patients with autoimmune endocrine diseases: evidence for subclinical primary hypoadrenalism?

Objective: In autoimmune polyglandular syndrome types 1, 2, and 4 primary adrenal insufficiency is present, but its diagnosis is often late. We investigated the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in a group of patients with autoimmune diseases (AP) without any symptoms and signs of hypoadrenalism.

Design: In 10 AP and 12 normal subjects (NS), we studied cortisol (F), aldosterone (A), and DHEA responses to 0.

Neuroregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in humans: effects of GABA-, mineralocorticoid-, and GH-Secretagogue-receptor modulation.

The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis exerts a variety of effects at both the central and peripheral level. Its activity is mainly regulated by CRH, AVP, and the glucocorticoid-mediated feedback action. Moreover, many neurotransmitters and neuropeptides influence HPA axis activity by acting at the hypothalamic and/or suprahypothalamic level.

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal hyperactivity in human aging is partially refractory to stimulation by mineralocorticoid receptor blockade.

Context: The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is mainly regulated by CRH, arginine vasopressin, and glucocorticoid feedback. Hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptors mediate proactive glucocorticoid feedback and mineralocorticoid antagonists, accordingly, stimulate HPA axis. Age-related HPA hyperactivity reflects impaired glucocorticoid feedback at the suprapituitary level.

Ghrelin does not mediate the somatotroph and corticotroph responses to the stimulatory effect of glucagon or insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in humans.

Objective: Acylated ghrelin, a gastric peptide, possesses a potent GH- but also significant ACTH/cortisol-releasing activity mediated by the activation of GH secretagogue receptors (GHS-R) at the hypothalamus-pituitary level. The physiological role of ghrelin in the control of somatotroph and corticotroph function is, however, largely unclear. Glucagon is known to induce a clear increase of GH, ACTH and cortisol levels in humans, at least after intramuscular administration.