Bioremediation assessment of diesel-biodiesel-contaminated soil using an alternative bioaugmentation strategy.

This study investigated the effectiveness of successive bioaugmentation, conventional bioaugmentation, and biostimulation of biodegradation of B10 in soil. In addition, the structure of the soil microbial community was assessed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The consortium was inoculated on the initial and the 11th day of incubation for successive bioaugmentation and only on the initial day for bioaugmentation and conventional bioaugmentation.

Lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus increases matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages: modulation by A2A and A2B adenosine receptors.

Peptidoglycan (PEG) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) are the main constituents of Gram-positive bacteria cell wall and are described to modulate immune functions. Increased levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were described in endotoxemia, suggesting that they participate to tecidual damage, multiple organs failure and vascular disfunction. Staphylococcus aureus PEG is described to increase MMPs 2 and 9 levels in plasma from rat and MMP 9 secretion by human neutrophils, however, the effect of LTA on MMPs is unknown.

High glucose increases RAW 264.7 macrophages activation by lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and accelerated atherosclerosis, which has been associated to hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation. Activated macrophages are described to participate in atherosclerosis due to foam cell formation and pro-inflammatory mediators production. Bacterial infections are described to accelerate atherosclerosis, moreover, gram-positive and negative bacterial DNA was described in atherosclerotic plaques.