Sex differences in cardiovascular risk factors of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A role for diet?

Background And Aims: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Cardiovascular risk is higher in women with diabetes than in men. With this study, we wanted to determine whether female children and adolescents with T1DM are more prone to cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) and an atherogenic diet than boys.

Lipid and saturated fatty acids intake and cardiovascular risk factors of obese children and adolescents.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that lipid intake is associated with triglycerides to HDL-cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-cholesterol), a predictor of the development of cardiovascular disease, in obese children and adolescents, independently from the level of overweight, insulin resistance, blood pressure, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Study Design: One hundred and eighty non-diabetic obese children/adolescents (age range 6-16 years) were enrolled. Diet (3-day weighed dietary record), physical and biochemical parameters and liver ultrasonography were measured.

C/C breath test ratio after the ingestion of a meal naturally enriched with (C)carbohydrates is a surrogate marker of insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes.

Aims: To test the hypotheses that exogenous carbohydrate oxidation affects postprandial glycaemic profiles and C/C breath test could be used for estimating insulin resistance (IR) and insulin sensitivity (IS) in youths with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D).

Methods: Non-randomized, cross-sectional study for repeated measures; fifteen youths (11-15 years) with T1D were enrolled. Respiratory exchanges were measured by indirect calorimetry after the ingestion of a mixed meal [13% protein, 29% fat, 58% carbohydrate (CHO; naturally enriched with [C]carbohydrates)].

Correction: Prevention of obesity in toddlers (PROBIT): a randomised clinical trial of responsive feeding promotion from birth to 24 months.

In the original Article, Dr. Laura Fontana's name was missing from the author list. This has been corrected (Dr.

Nutrition habits of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes changed in a 10 years span.

Background: Diet plays a key role in the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Dietary habits changed rapidly in the last decades and few data are available on recent dietary changes in children and adolescents with T1D.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that diet composition changed in a 10-year period in children and adolescents with T1D.

Policaptil Gel Retard Intake Reduces Postprandial Triglycerides, Ghrelin and Appetite in Obese Children: A Clinical Trial.

The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that the intake of Policaptil Gel Retard (PGR) is able to affect appetite, metabolic and hormonal postprandial profile in obese children. 46 obese children were randomly assigned to treatment with PGR or placebo, in a double blind clinical trial. Two PGR tablets or placebo were given in fasting condition, before the ingestion of a mixed meal (15 kcal/kg lean body mass).

Prevention of obesity in toddlers (PROBIT): a randomised clinical trial of responsive feeding promotion from birth to 24 months.

Introduction: The aims of the PROBIT trial (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03131284) were to prevent overweight or obesity occurring at two years of life, and improve feeding patterns during infancy.

Methods: The trial compared 252 northern Italian newborns whose paediatricians offered their parents an educational programme from the child's birth to the age of two years (intervention arm) with 216 newborns whose parents did not undergo the programme (control arm).

Sleep and new media usage in toddlers.

Several studies over the years have demonstrated the association between lack of sleep in children and certain physical, psychological, and behavioral disorders. The aim of this study was to disentangle the association between new screen-based electronic devices and sleep problems in toddlers, adjusting for other covariates already known to be associated with sleep quality. We conducted a cross-sectional study with the aid of a national sample of 1117 toddlers.

Glucose-independent association of adiposity and diet composition with cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Aims: To test the hypothesis that diet composition, adiposity and glycometabolic control could independently contribute to an increase in the cardiovascular risk (CVR) for children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods: One hundred and eighty children/adolescents with T1D (age range 5-18 years) were enrolled. Diet (3-day weighed dietary record), physical (height, weight, waist circumference, bioelectrical impedance analysis) and biochemical (HbA1c, lipid profile) parameters were recorded.

Bias in food intake reporting in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: the role of body size, age and gender.

Background: An assessment of total daily energy intake is helpful in planning the overall treatment of children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, energy intake misreporting may hinder nutritional intervention.

Aims: To assess the plausibility of energy intake reporting and the potential role of gender, body mass index (BMI) z-score (z-BMI), disease duration and insulin requirement in energy intake misreporting in a sample of children and adolescents with T1D.

Protein Intake as a Risk Factor of Overweight/Obesity in 8- to 12-Year-Old Children.

Several studies investigating the relationship between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and/or body fat (BF) with macronutrient composition of the diet have suggested that dietary composition may play an important role to overweight/obesity in childhood, but its relation remains inconclusive. The aim was to assess the association between energy intake (EI) and macronutrient diet composition with overweight/obesity among children.Nonrandomized cohort study including 396 Italian children and preadolescents (9-13 years old), 200 overweight/obese and 196 normal-weight.

Nutritional education and carbohydrate counting in children with type 1 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: the effects on dietary habits, body composition and glycometabolic control.

Carbohydrate counting (CHC) in combination with nutritional education has been used to optimize the insulin dose in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The aim of this study was to test the impact of CHC and nutritional education on changes in dietary habits, body composition and body fat distribution in children with T1D treated with insulin pumps (CSII). Twenty-five children with T1D and CSII were recruited and valuated at baseline and after 18 months of follow-up.

Diet, physical, and biochemical characteristics of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: relationship between dietary fat and glucose control.

Background: Nutritional habits may significantly influence glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Aims: To assess dietary intake, cardiovascular risk factors, and the association between diet composition and glycemic control in Italian youth with T1D.

Methods: Subjects included 114 youth aged 6-16 yr with T1D receiving a routine treatment program with nutrition counseling and 448 controls.