Combined training and hormones/enzymes with insulinotropic actions in individuals with overweight and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial.

The incretins (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP] and glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1]), along with amylin/islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), are hormones/enzymes that have been pharmacological targets, such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, due to their insulinotropic actions. Physical training is recommended as a treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, its effects on the concentrations of these hormones/enzymes are not well known. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of combined training (CT) on the concentrations of hormones/enzymes with insulinotropic actions in individuals with T2DM and overweight.

Better cardiometabolic/inflammatory profile is associated with differences in the supraclavicular adipose tissue activity of individuals with T2DM.

Purpose: Brown adipose tissue (BAT), located in the supraclavicular region, has been associated with a better cardiometabolic profile and reduced risk of developing non-communicable chronic diseases (NCD), in addition to being associated with a healthier phenotype in obesity. However, it is unknown whether greater supraclavicular adipose tissue activity could be associated with a healthier metabolic profile in people already diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Thus, the present work evaluated if supraclavicular adipose tissue activity is associated with metabolic and molecular markers in individuals with T2DM.

Metabolic Predictors of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Responsiveness to Continuous Endurance and High-Intensity Interval Training Programs: The TIMES Study-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels significantly modulate the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, aging, and mortality. Nevertheless, there is a substantial interindividual variability in CRF responsiveness to a given standardized exercise dose despite the type of training. Predicting the responsiveness to regular exercise has the potential to contribute to personalized exercise medicine applications.

Higher risk of upper respiratory tract infection post marathon running: when physical exercise becomes a threat to the immune system.

Background: Several studies have reported that marathon runners have a higher risk of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) post marathon than non-exercising controls. However, other studies did not find a higher risk of URTI in the same participants before and after a marathon, precluding a conclusive consensus. Besides the between-subjects effects, another important confounding factor in these results is the different pre and post follow-up time to track URTI.

Effects of combined training on nonshivering thermogenic activity of muscles in individuals with overweight and type 2 diabetes.

Background: Increased thermogenic activity has shown to be a promising target for treating and preventing obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Little is known about the muscular influence on nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), and it remains unclear whether physical training and potential metabolic improvements could be associated with changes in this type of thermogenic activity.

Objective: The present study aimed to assess muscular NST activity in overweight and T2DM before and after a combined training period (strength training followed by aerobic exercise).

Hypotensive effects of exercise training: are postmenopausal women with hypertension non-responders or responders?

We tested the hypothesis that increasing the exercise dose or changing the exercise mode would augment hypotensive effects when traditional aerobic exercise training failed to produce it in postmenopausal women. Sixty-five postmenopausal women with essential hypertension were randomly allocated into the continuous aerobic training (CAT) and non-exercising control (CON) groups. CAT group cycled at moderate intensity 3 times a week for 12 weeks.

Moderate-intensity Combined Training Induces Lipidomic Changes in Individuals With Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.

Context: Alterations in the lipid metabolism are linked to metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance (IR), obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Regular exercise, particularly combined training (CT), is a well-known nonpharmacological treatment that combines aerobic (AT) and resistance (RT) training benefits. However, it is unclear whether moderate-intensity exercise without dietary intervention induces changes in lipid metabolism to promote a "healthy lipidome.

Combined Training Improves Gene Expression Related to Immunosenescence in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Individuals.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of moderate combined training (CT) on both the gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers and senescence in the immune system in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of obese middle-aged individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Thirty obese individuals (50.2 ± 9.

Rho-Kinase Is Differentially Expressed in the Adipose Tissue of Rodent and Human in Response to Aging, Sex, and Acute Exercise.

White adipose tissue (WAT) controls energy storage, expenditure, and endocrine function. Rho-kinase (ROCK) is related to impaired thermogenesis, downregulation of preadipocyte differentiation, and adipokine production. Furthermore, WAT ROCK responds to metabolic stress from high-fat diets or diabetes.

Hemodynamic Predictors of Blood Pressure Responsiveness to Continuous Aerobic Training in Postmenopausal Hypertensive Women.

Blood pressure (BP) responses to recommended aerobic training can vary widely between individuals. Although studies demonstrate the role of exercise training in regulating BP responsiveness, predictive models are still unknown. This study aimed to identify hemodynamic predictive markers for the diagnosis of BP responsiveness based on baseline characteristics and postexercise ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) before an aerobic training program in postmenopausal women.

Effects of Different Exercise Types on Chrna7 and Chrfam7a Expression in Healthy Normal Weight and Overweight Type 2 Diabetic Adults.

Considering that the CHRNA7 and CHRFAM7A genes can be modulated by acute or chronic inflammation, and exercise modulates inflammatory responses, the question that arises is whether physical exercise could exert any effect on the expression of these genes. Thus, the aim of this work is to identify the effects of different types of exercises on the expression of the , and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) in leukocytes of healthy normal weight (HNW), and overweight with type 2 diabetes (OT2D) individuals. 15 OT2D and 13 HNW participants (men and women, from 40 to 60 years old) performed in a randomized crossover design three exercise sessions: aerobic exercise (AE), resistance exercise (RE) and combined exercise (CE).

Cardiovascular telerehabilitation improves functional capacity, cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: The aim was to identify whether cardiovascular telerehabilitation programs (CV-T-REHAB) can improve functional capacity, cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life (QoL) to the same extent of presential rehabilitation (CV-P-REHAB) in older adults, by meta-analysis of previous studies.

Methods: Literature search was conducted in October 2020 in four databases to select controlled trials of CV-T-REHAB effects on functional capacity (six-minute walk test [6MWT]), cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen consumption [O]), and QoL in older adults (> 50 years) and included new articles in April 2022.

Results: CV-T-REHAB improved 6MWT (11.

Metabolomic Response throughout 16 Weeks of Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training in Older Women with Metabolic Syndrome.

Increases in longevity and obesity have led to a higher prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and several chronic conditions, such as hypertension. The prevalence of MetS and hypertension increases with advancing age and their detrimental effects on health can be attenuated by physical activity. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise training (CT) is recommended to maintain good health in older adults and is known to generate important metabolic adaptations.

Comprehensive Time-Course Effects of Combined Training on Hypertensive Older Adults: A Randomized Control Trial.

The aim was to identify whether 16 weeks of combined training (Training) reduces blood pressure of hypertensive older adults and what the key fitness, hemodynamic, autonomic, inflammatory, oxidative, glucose and/or lipid mediators of this intervention would be. Fifty-two individuals were randomized to either 16 weeks of Training or control group who remained physically inactive (Control). Training included walking/running at 63% of V˙Omax, three times per week, and strength training, consisting of one set of fifteen repetitions (seven exercises) at moderate intensity, twice per week.

Exercise effect on symptom severity, morbidity and mortality in viral infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

There is a knowledge gap regarding the consequences of exercise during acute infections in humans and contradictory findings in animal studies, compromising public health advice on the potential benefits of physical activity for immunity. Here, we carried out a meta-analysis of studies of the effects of moderate exercise (ME) and exercise until fatigue (EF) on symptom severity, morbidity and mortality during viral infection in animal models. The systematic review on PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane and EBSCOhost (CINAHL and SPORT Discus) identified 8 controlled studies, with 15 subgroups within them.

Pre-competitive overload period impairs parasympathetic modulation in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: The aim was to meta-analyze the effect of different type of overloads on parasympathetic modulation to the heart, assessed by root-mean-square difference of successive normal RR intervals (RMSSD) of athletes.

Methods: The analysis of the 14 studies selected (20 subgroups within studies), compared RMSSD of the same athletes before and after an overload period.

Results: RMSSD of athletes were lower at pre-competition compared to baseline (SMD = -0.

Combined training increases thermogenic fat activity in patients with overweight and type 2 diabetes.

Background: Exercise is an important strategy in the management of diabetes. Experimental studies have shown that exercise acts, at least in part, by inducing the production of myokines that improve metabolic control and activate brown/beige adipose tissue depots. Combined training (CT) is recommended by the major diabetes guidelines due to its metabolic and cardiovascular benefits, however, its impact on brown/beige adipose tissue activities has never been tested in humans with overweight and type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Acute/Chronic Responses of Combined Training on Serum Pro-thermogenic/Anti-inflammatory Inducers and Its Relation With Fed and Fasting State in Overweight Type 2 Diabetic Individuals.

Concentrations of pro-thermogenic/anti-inflammatory inductors are influenced by fed/fasting, sedentary/trained states, and metabolic pattern. However, there is a lack of information on the interactions of these conditions, especially in humans. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the chronic and acute training responses as well as the fed/fasted states of serum pro-thermogenic/anti-inflammatory inducers in overweight type 2 diabetics individuals.

Obesity Increases Gene Expression of Markers Associated With Immunosenescence in Obese Middle-Aged Individuals.

Recently, it has been argued that obesity leads to a chronic pro-inflammatory state that can accelerate immunosenescence, predisposing to the early acquisition of an immune risk profile and health problems related to immunity in adulthood. In this sense, the present study aimed to verify, in circulating leukocytes, the gene expression of markers related to early immunosenescence associated with obesity and its possible relationships with the physical fitness in obese adults with type 2 diabetes or without associated comorbidities. The sample consisted of middle-aged obese individuals (body mass index (BMI) between 30-35 kg/m²) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (OBD; n = 17) or without associated comorbidity (OB; n = 18), and a control group of eutrophic healthy individuals (BMI: 20 - 25 kg/m²) of same ages (E; n = 18).

HIIT vs. SIT: What Is the Better to Improve V˙Omax? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Lack of time is seen as a barrier to maintaining a physically active lifestyle. In this sense, interval training has been suggested as a time-efficient strategy for improving health, mainly due to its potential to increase cardiorespiratory fitness. Currently, the most discussed interval training protocols in the literature are the high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and the sprint interval training (SIT).

Serum metabolites associated with increased insulin resistance and low cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight adolescents.

Background And Aims: Obesity affects metabolism, increasing the risk of developing non-communicable diseases in adolescence, due to excess adipose tissue and low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The metabolomics approach allows the elucidation of metabolites, which may have the concentrations altered by several factors, such as body composition (BC). We aimed to analyze the metabolomic profile of normal-weight and overweight adolescents and associate the metabolites with clinical markers related to BC, insulin resistance (IR), and CRF.

Association Between Changes in Serum and Skeletal Muscle Metabolomics Profile With Maximum Power Output Gains in Response to Different Aerobic Training Programs: The Times Study.

High heterogeneity of the response of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to standardized exercise doses has been reported in different training programs, but the associated mechanisms are not widely known. This study investigated whether changes in the metabolic profile and pathways in blood serum and the skeletal muscle are associated with the inter-individual variability of CRF responses to 8-wk of continuous endurance training (ET) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Eighty men, young and sedentary, were randomized into three groups, of which 70 completed 8 wk of intervention (> 90% of sessions): ET, HIIT, or control.

Impacts of high-intensity exercise on the metabolomics profile of human skeletal muscle tissue.

The study aimed to identify and quantify the metabolites profile and metabolic pathways in human muscle tissue engaged during exhaustive high-intensity cycling exercise. Seven healthy physically active men performed a graded exercise test and an exhaustive supramaximal effort at 115% of maximal aerobic power with muscles biopsies performed in rest and immediately after exhaustion for quantifying of muscle metabolites changes by H-NMR spectroscopy. The time until exhaustion (tlim) recorded was 224.