Bacterial Species and Antibiotic Resistance-A Retrospective Analysis of Bacterial Cultures in a Pediatric Hospital.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major healthcare concern having a rising incidence, especially in pediatric patients who are more susceptible to infections. The aim of our study was to analyze the bacterial species isolated from patients admitted to our tertiary hospital and their AMR profiles. We conducted a retrospective observational study by examining the bacterial cultures collected from pediatric patients admitted to our hospital over a period of one year.

SARS-CoV-2 Positive Serology and Islet Autoantibodies in Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Cases of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Single-Center Cohort Study.

Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, although presenting less severe forms of the disease in children, seems to play a role in the development of other conditions, including type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). After the beginning of the pandemic, an increase in the number of T1DM pediatric patients was observed in several countries, thus leading to many questions about the complex relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and T1DM. Our study aimed to highlight possible correlations between SARS-CoV-2 serology and T1DM onset.

Addressing the Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Wilson's Disease-Case Report and Literature Review.

Wilson's disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder, in which the metabolism of copper is affected by metal accumulation in several organs that causes gradual organ degeneration. Since Wilson's initial description of WD over a century ago, there have been significant improvements in understanding and managing the condition. Nevertheless, the ongoing gap between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis highlights the difficulties in identifying this copper overload disorder early.

Melatonin-Microbiome Two-Sided Interaction in Dysbiosis-Associated Conditions.

Melatonin is a pineal indolamine, allegedly known as a circadian rhythm regulator, and an antioxidative and immunomodulatory molecule. In both experimental and clinical trials, melatonin has been shown to have positive effects in various pathologies, as a modulator of important biochemical pathways including inflammation, oxidative stress, cell injury, apoptosis, and energy metabolism. The gut represents one of melatonin's most abundant extra pineal sources, with a 400-times-higher concentration than the pineal gland.

Oxytocin and vasopressin in the hippocampus.

Oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin (AVP) are related neuropeptides that exert a wide range of effects on general health, homeostasis, development, reproduction, adaptability, cognition, social and nonsocial behaviors. The two peptides are mainly of hypothalamic origin and execute their peripheral and central physiological roles via OXT and AVP receptors, which are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family. These receptors, largely distributed in the body, are abundantly expressed in the hippocampus, a brain region particularly vulnerable to stress exposure and various lesions.

The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on the New Cases of T1DM in Children. A Single-Centre Cohort Study.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) represents one of the most frequent chronic illnesses affecting children. The early diagnosis of this disease is crucial, as it plays a key role in preventing the development of a life-threatening acute complication: diabetic ketoacidosis. The etiopathogenetic role of viral infections has long been suggested and emerging data are pointing towards a complex bidirectional relationship between diabetes and COVID-19.

Maternal Citicoline-Supplemented Diet Improves the Response of the Immature Hippocampus to Perinatal Asphyxia in Rats.

Background: Citicoline represents a dietary source of choline, an essential nutrient, and precursor of cell membrane components, highly required during development and post-injury recovery.

Objectives: We previously showed that perinatal asphyxia (PA) induces hippocampal neuroinflammation and injury that are subject to epigenetic change by maternal diet. The present study investigates maternal citicoline-supplemented diet (CSD) impact on offspring hippocampal response to PA.

Capsaicin and Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease.

Capsaicin is a widespread spice known for its analgesic qualities. Although a comprehensive body of evidence suggests pleiotropic benefits of capsaicin, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, metabolic, or cardioprotective effects, it is frequently avoided due to reported digestive side-effects. As the gut bacterial profile is strongly linked to diet and capsaicin displays modulatory effects on gut microbiota, a new hypothesis has recently emerged about its possible applicability against widespread pathologies, such as metabolic and inflammatory diseases.

Neuronal Transmembrane Chloride Transport Has a Time-Dependent Influence on Survival of Hippocampal Cultures to Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation.

Neuronal ischemia results in chloride gradient alterations which impact the excitatory-inhibitory balance, volume regulation, and neuronal survival. Thus, the Na/K/Cl co-transporter (NKCC1), the K/ Cl co-transporter (KCC2), and the gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA) receptor may represent therapeutic targets in stroke, but a time-dependent effect on neuronal viability could influence the outcome. We, therefore, successively blocked NKCC1, KCC2, and GABA (with bumetanide, DIOA, and gabazine, respectively) or activated GABA (with isoguvacine) either during or after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD).

Maternal High-Fat Diet Modifies the Immature Hippocampus Vulnerability to Perinatal Asphyxia in Rats.

Background: High-fat diet (HFD) is a detrimental habit with harmful systemic consequences, including low-grade, long-lasting inflammation. During pregnancy, HFD can induce developmental changes. Moreover, HFD-related maternal obesity might enhance the risk of peripartum complications including hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy secondary to perinatal asphyxia (PA).

Trans-resveratrol enriched maternal diet protects the immature hippocampus from perinatal asphyxia in rats.

Trans-resveratrol (tRESV), a polyphenol with antioxidant properties, is common in many food sources, hence easily accessible for study as a maternal dietary supplement in perinatal asphyxia (PA). Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy secondary to PA affects especially vulnerable brain areas such as hippocampus and is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity. The purpose of this study is to identify new epigenetic mechanisms of brain inflammation and injury related to PA and to explore the benefit of tRESV enriched maternal diet.