Neoantigen immunotherapy: a novel treatment for bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer is currently the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system. The traditional treatment methods for bladder cancer are mainly surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy; however, these treatment methods do not improve the clinical prognosis of patients with advanced or metastatic bladder cancer. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new treatment methods to improve the survival rate and quality-of-life of patients with bladder cancer.

Mechanistic studies of Ca-induced classical pyroptosis pathway promoting renal adhesion on calcium oxalate kidney stone formation.

This study aims to investigate the role of hypercalciuria and pyroptosis in the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to compare the correlation of pyroptosis scores and cell adhesion scores between Randall's plaques and normal tissues from kidney stone patients. For the in vitro experiments, we investigated the effects of high concentrations of Ca on the pyroptosis and adhesion levels of renal tubular epithelial cells and examined the adhesion levels and crystal aggregation of the cells in high Ca concentrations environment by knockdown and overexpression of the key pyroptosis gene, GSDMD, and we verified the effects of Ca concentration on pyroptosis and adhesion levels, kidney injury, and crystal deposition by in vivo experiments.

Revitalizing Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer: Nanotechnology and Bioengineering Approaches.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy has been a cornerstone treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer for decades and still faces challenges, such as severe immune adverse reactions, which reduce its use as a first-line treatment. This review examines BCG therapy's history, mechanisms, and current status, highlighting how nanotechnology and bioengineering are revitalizing its application. We discuss novel nanocarrier systems aimed at enhancing BCG's efficacy while mitigating specific side effects.

Landscape of targeted therapies for advanced urothelial carcinoma.

Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most common malignancy globally. Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a major type of BC, and advanced UC (aUC) is associated with poor clinical outcomes and limited survival rates. Current options for aUC treatment mainly include chemotherapy and immunotherapy.