Based on the Sam50-MICOS-ATAD3-mtDNA axis: Exploring oligomeric proanthocyanidins to alleviate molybdenum and cadmium co-induced liver inflammation in sheep.

Molybdenum (Mo) and cadmium (Cd), well-defined hazardous pollutants in the environment, exhibit potential toxic effects on liver tissues by inducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. This study aims to investigate the role of the Sam50-MICOS-ATAD3-mtDNA axis in mediating the inflammatory response in liver inflammation induced by co-exposure to Mo and Cd in sheep, as well as the protective effects of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC). The findings indicated that co-exposure to Mo and Cd induced cellular degeneration, rupture of hepatic mitochondrial membranes and mitochondrial dysfunction that was accompanied by the levels of ATP, SDH and GSH-Px reduced in the sheep liver tissue.