Protocol for quantitative evaluation of misfolded protein degradation using Agrobacterium-mediated expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Cellular protein homeostasis is maintained by the disposal of aggregated misfolded proteins. Here, we present a protocol for investigating the involvement of the proteins of interest in misfolded protein degradation via Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. We describe in detail the steps of misfolded protein design, transient protein expression in N.

The oomycete-specific BAG subfamily maintains protein homeostasis and promotes pathogenicity in an atypical HSP70-independent manner.

Protein homeostasis is vital for organisms and requires chaperones like the conserved Bcl-2-associated athanogene (BAG) co-chaperones that bind to the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) through their C-terminal BAG domain (BD). Here, we show an unconventional BAG subfamily exclusively found in oomycetes. Oomycete BAGs feature an atypical N-terminal BD with a short and oomycete-specific α1 helix (α1'), plus a C-terminal small heat shock protein (sHSP) domain.

The elicitin PpEli2 confers broad-spectrum disease resistance by triggering a novel receptor-dependent immune pathway in plants.

Elicitins are microbe-associated molecular patterns produced by oomycetes to elicit plant defense. It is still unclear whether elicitins derived from non-pathogenic oomycetes can be used as bioactive molecules for disease control. Here, for the first time we identify and characterize an elicitin named PpEli2 from the soil-borne oomycete , which is a non-pathogenic mycoparasite colonizing the root ecosystem of diverse plant species.

prevents infection by inhibiting pathogen growth and eliciting plant immune responses.

The pathogen causes enormous damage to important agricultural plants. This group of filamentous pathogens is phylogenetically distant from fungi, making them difficult to control by most chemical fungicides. OH11 (OH11) is a biocontrol bacterium that secretes HSAF (Heat-Stable Antifungal Factor) as a broad-spectrum antifungal weapon.

Novel EIicitin from Confers Disease Resistance against in Solanaceae Plants.

The mycoparasite is a nonpathogenic oomycete that can boost plant immune responses. Elicitins are microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) specifically produced by oomycetes that activate plant defense. Here, we identified a novel elicitin, PoEli8, from that exhibits immunity-inducing activity in plants.

Cyclophilin effector Al106 of mirid bug Apolygus lucorum inhibits plant immunity and promotes insect feeding by targeting PUB33.

Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dur; Heteroptera: Miridae) is a major agricultural pest infesting crops, vegetables, and fruit trees. During feeding, A. lucorum secretes a plethora of effectors into its hosts to promote infestation.

The Phytophthora sojae effector PsFYVE1 modulates immunity-related gene expression by targeting host RZ-1A protein.

Oomycete pathogens secrete numerous effectors to manipulate plant immunity and promote infection. However, relatively few effector types have been well characterized. In this study, members of an FYVE domain-containing protein family that are highly expanded in oomycetes were systematically identified, and one secreted protein, PsFYVE1, was selected for further study.

BPL3 binds the long non-coding RNA nalncFL7 to suppress FORKED-LIKE7 and modulate HAI1-mediated MPK3/6 dephosphorylation in plant immunity.

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) participate in a diverse set of biological processes in plants, but their functions and underlying mechanisms in plant-pathogen interactions are largely unknown. We previously showed that Arabidopsis thaliana BPA1-LIKE PROTEIN3 (BPL3) belongs to a conserved plant RBP family and negatively regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cell death under biotic stress. In this study, we demonstrate that BPL3 suppresses FORKED-LIKE7 (FL7) transcript accumulation and raises levels of the cis-natural antisense long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) of FL7 (nalncFL7).

Ferroptosis induced by the biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum enhances soybean resistance to Phytophthora sojae.

Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of cell death accompanied by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Both biotic and abiotic stresses can induce ferroptosis in plant cells. In the case of plant interactions with pathogenic Phytophthora oomycetes, the roles of ferroptosis are still largely unknown.

Engineering crop Phytophthora resistance by targeting pathogen-derived PI3P for enhanced catabolism.

Phytophthora pathogens lead to numerous economically damaging plant diseases worldwide, including potato late blight caused by P. infestans and soybean root rot caused by P. sojae.

A Phytophthora capsici RXLR effector manipulates plant immunity by targeting RAB proteins and disturbing the protein trafficking pathway.

The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici encodes hundreds of RXLR effectors that enter the plant cells and suppress host immunity. Only a few of these genes are conserved across different strains and species. Such core effectors might target hub genes and immune pathways in hosts.

New metabolites from Streptomyces pseudovenezuelae NA07424 and their potential activity of inducing resistance in plants against Phytophthora capsici.

Background: The lack of novel fungicide and appearance of resistance are the most emergent problems in the control of Phytophthora diseases. Plant immunity elicitors that induce systemic resistance in plants are regarded as the new strategy for plant disease control. Streptomyces can produce a variety of bioactive natural products, which are important resources for lead compounds of plant immunity elicitors.

Nep1-Like Proteins From the Biocontrol Agent Enhance Plant Disease Resistance Independent of Cell Death and Reactive Oxygen Species.

Microbial necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) act as cytolytic toxins and immunogenic patterns in plants. Our previous work shows that cytolytic NLPs (i.e.

Planthopper-Secreted Salivary Calmodulin Acts as an Effector for Defense Responses in Rice.

The brown planthopper (, BPH) and small brown planthopper (, SBPH) are major pests of rice () in Asia. These piercing-sucking insects secrete saliva into the host during feeding. Nevertheless, it is largely unknown how planthoppers use salivary effectors to enable continuous feeding on rice.

Making Use of Plant uORFs to Control Transgene Translation in Response to Pathogen Attack.

Reducing crop loss to diseases is urgently needed to meet increasing food production challenges caused by the expanding world population and the negative impact of climate change on crop productivity. Disease-resistant crops can be created by expressing endogenous or exogenous genes of interest through transgenic technology. Nevertheless, enhanced resistance by overexpressing resistance-produced genes often results in adverse developmental affects.

Comparison of the Distinct, Host-Specific Response of Three Hosts Induced by .

Three hosts (TSHs), , and , represent the three major phylogenetic clades of plants infected by , which causes late blight, one of the most devastating diseases seriously affecting crop production. However, details regarding how different hosts respond to are lacking. Here, we conducted RNA-seq to analyze the transcriptomic data from the TSHs at 12 and 24 h post inoculation to capture early expression effects.

Phytophthora infection signals-induced translocation of NAC089 is required for endoplasmic reticulum stress response-mediated plant immunity.

Plants deploy various immune receptors to recognize pathogen-derived extracellular signals and subsequently activate the downstream defense response. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a part in the plant defense response, known as ER stress-mediated immunity (ERSI), that halts pathogen infection. However, the mechanism for the ER stress response to signals of pathogen infection remains unclear.

An Activity-Based Sensing Fluorogenic Probe for Monitoring Ethylene in Living Cells and Plants.

Ethylene (ET) is an important gaseous plant hormone. It is highly desirable to develop fluorescent probes for monitoring ethylene in living cells. We report an efficient Rh -catalysed coupling of N-phenoxyacetamides to ethylene in the presence of an alcohol.

Vitellogenin from planthopper oral secretion acts as a novel effector to impair plant defenses.

Vitellogenin (Vg) is a well-known nutritious protein involved in reproduction in nearly all oviparous animals, including insects. Recently, Vg has been detected in saliva proteomes of several piercing-sucking herbivorous arthropods, including the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus, SBPH). Its function, however, remains unexplored.

Type 2 Nep1-Like Proteins from the Biocontrol Oomycete Suppress Infection in Solanaceous Plants.

As a non-pathogenic oomycete, the biocontrol agent is able to control plant diseases through direct mycoparasite activity and boosting plant immune responses. Several elicitors have been found to activate plant immunity as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) are a group of MAMPs widely distributed in eukaryotic and prokaryotic plant pathogens.

Double-faced role of Bcl-2-associated athanogene 7 in plant-Phytophthora interaction.

Due to their sessile nature, plants must respond to various environmental assaults in a coordinated manner. The endoplasmic reticulum is a central hub for plant responses to various stresses. We previously showed that Phytophthora utilizes effector PsAvh262-mediated binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) accumulation for suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress-triggered cell death.

Targeting of anti-microbial proteins to the hyphal surface amplifies protection of crop plants against Phytophthora pathogens.

Phytophthora pathogens are a persistent threat to the world's commercially important agricultural crops, including potato and soybean. Current strategies aim at reducing crop losses rely mostly on disease-resistance breeding and chemical pesticides, which can be frequently overcome by the rapid adaptive evolution of pathogens. Transgenic crops with intrinsic disease resistance offer a promising alternative and continue to be developed.

A Phytophthora sojae CRN effector mediates phosphorylation and degradation of plant aquaporin proteins to suppress host immune signaling.

Phytophthora genomes encode a myriad of Crinkler (CRN) effectors, some of which contain putative kinase domains. Little is known about the host targets of these kinase-domain-containing CRNs and their infection-promoting mechanisms. Here, we report the host target and functional mechanism of a conserved kinase CRN effector named CRN78 in a notorious oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora sojae.

Filamentous Pathogens Deploy Effectors to Interfere With Bacterial Growth and Motility.

comprises a group of filamentous plant pathogens that cause serious crop diseases worldwide. It is widely known that a complex effector repertoire was secreted by pathogens to manipulate plant immunity and determine resistance and susceptibility. It is also recognized that pathogens may inhabit natural niches within complex environmental microbes, including bacteria.

Molecular mechanism of nanochitin whisker elicits plant resistance against Phytophthora and the receptors in plants.

Rod-like nanochitin (NC) whisker with cationic nature has a strong synergistic effect with fungicides on inhibition of tobacco root rot disease. This study we explored the activity of NC against Phytophthora and the mechanism for eliciting plant defense response and the receptors in planta. P.