Paleogeography control of Indian monsoon intensification and expansion at 41 Ma.

As a crucial part of the Asian monsoon stretching from tropical India to temperate East Asia, the Indian monsoon (IM) contributes predominant precipitation over Asian continent. However, our understanding of IM's onset, development and the underlying driving mechanisms is limited. Increasing evidence indicates that the IM began in the Eocene or even the Paleocene and was unexceptionally linked to the early rise of the Tibetan Plateau (TP).