Knockout of hexokinase 2 regulates mitochondrial dysfunction and activates the NLRP3 signal pathway in the rumen epithelial cells of dairy cows.

Hexokinase 2 (HK2) plays a vital role in mitochondrial homeostasis; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its involvement in high-concentrate diet-induced damage in the ruminal epithelium of dairy cows are poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the regulatory role of HK2 in mitochondrial function and responses to inflammation in the rumen of dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet. Our results showed that, compared with a low-concentrate (LC) diet, feeding a high-concentrate (HC) diet increased oxidative stress and reduced relative antioxidant gene expression levels and enzyme activities in the ruminal epithelium.

Effects of High-Grain Diet on Performance, Ruminal Fermentation, and Rumen Microbial Flora of Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows.

The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the fluctuations in production performance, rumen fermentation, and microbial community in lactating dairy cows fed a high-grain diet (HG). In this study, 16 healthy Holstein lactating dairy cattle with similar milk yields of 16.80 ± 4.

Changes in the rumen development, rumen fermentation, and rumen microbiota community in weaned calves during steviol glycosides treatment.

Early weaning leads to weaning stress in calves, which hinders healthy growth and development. As an excellent sweetener applied in food, steviol glycosides (STE) has also been shown to exhibit positive biological activity in monogastric animals. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of incorporating STE as a dietary supplement on rumen development, fermentation, and microbiota of rumen in weaned calves.

Hexokinase 1 and 2 mediates glucose utilization to regulate the synthesis of kappa casein via ribosome protein subunit 6 kinase 1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells.

Glucose plays a vital part in milk protein synthesis through the mTOR signaling pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC). The objectives of this study were to determine how glucose affects hexokinase (HK) activity in BMEC and investigate the regulatory effect of HK in kappa casein (CSN3) synthesis via the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway in BMEC. For this, and were knocked out in BMEC using the CRISPR/Cas9 system.

Effects of Glucose Levels on Inflammation and Amino Acid Utilization in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.

Glucose and amino acids are important sources of nutrients in the synthetic milk of dairy cows, and understanding the fate of amino acids is essential to optimize the utilization of amino acids in milk protein synthesis, thereby reducing nutrient inefficiencies during lactation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of LPS and different concentrations of glucose on (1) the expression of inflammatory factors and genes, (2) the glucose metabolism, and (3) amino acid utilization in BMECs. The results showed that there was an interaction (LPS × glucose, < 0.

Effect of Slow-Release Urea Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal on Lactation Performance, Heat Shock Signal Molecules, and Rumen Fermentation in Heat-Stressed Mid-Lactation Dairy Cows.

This study aimed to assess the effects of partially substituting soybean meal in the diet with slow-release urea (SRU) on the lactation performance, heat shock signal molecules, and environmental sustainability of heat-stressed lactating cows in the middle stage of lactation. In this study, 30 healthy Holstein lactating dairy cattle with a similar milk yield of 22.8 ± 3.

The Effects of Sodium Acetate on the Immune Functions of Peripheral Mononuclear Cells and Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes in Postpartum Dairy Cows.

Excessive lipid mobilization will snatch cell membrane lipids in postpartum dairy cows, which may impair the function of immune cells, including peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs). Acetate, as a precursor and the energy source of milk fat synthesis, plays a key role in lipid synthesis and the energy supply of dairy cows. However, there is little information about the effect of sodium acetate (NaAc) on the immune function of PBMC and PMN in postpartum dairy cows.

Quercetin Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses via Regulation of the TLR4-NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Bovine Rumen Epithelial Cells.

Subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) will cause an increase in endotoxin, which will have a negative effect on the bovine rumen epithelial cells (BREC). Flavonoids are effective in treating inflammation caused by endotoxin. Quercetin is a vital flavonoid widely occurring in fruits and vegetables and has received significant interest as a prospective anti-inflammatory antioxidant.

Top-Emission ZnSeTe/ZnSe/ZnS-Based Blue Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes with Enhanced Chroma Efficiency.

A high-performance quantum dot light-emitting diode (QLED) with heavy metal free (HMF) quantum dots (QDs) is urgently needed for its application in next-generation eco-friendly displays. However, the preparation of high-performance HMF QD materials and the corresponding electroluminescent devices remain challenges at present, especially for blue-emitting devices. In this work, by adjusting the Te/Se ratio of the ZnSeTe core, ZnSeTe/ZnSe/ZnS blue QDs with adjustable energy levels and emission peaks are demonstrated.

GPR41 Regulates the Proliferation of BRECs via the PIK3-AKT-mTOR Pathway.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a pivotal role in regulating the proliferation and development of bovine rumen epithelial cells (BRECs). G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) is involved in the signal transduction in BRECs as a receptor for SCFAs. Nevertheless, the impact of GPR41 on the proliferation of BRECs has not been reported.

Effects of Tea Tree Oil on Production Performance, Serum Parameter Indices, and Immunity in Postpartum Dairy Cows.

Tea tree oil (TTO) plays an important role in regulating lipid metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties. In postpartum dairy cows, dry matter intake (DMI) is dramatically decreased, resulting in lipid metabolism disorder and the systemic pro-inflammatory response. However, the effects of TTO on glucolipid metabolism and immunity in postpartum dairy cows remain uninvestigated.

Quercetin Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Damage and Inflammation via Regulation of the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway in Bovine Intestinal Epithelial Cells.

Acute diarrhoea and intestinal inflammation represent one of the most prevalent clinical disorders of milk production, resulting in enormous annual financial damage for the dairy sector. In the context of an unsatisfactory therapeutic effect of antibiotics, the natural products of plants have been the focus of research. Quercetin is an important flavonoid found in a variety of plants, including fruits and vegetables, and has strong anti-inflammatory effects, so it has received extensive attention as a potential anti-inflammatory antioxidant.

Acetate-Induced Milk Fat Synthesis Is Associated with Activation of the mTOR Signaling Pathway in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.

Acetate is a precursor substance for fatty acid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs), and the mTOR signaling pathway plays an important role in milk fat synthesis. However, the mechanism of the regulatory effects of acetate on lipogenic genes via the mTOR signaling pathway in BMEC remains unknown. We hypothesized that acetate can enhance the expression of lipogenic genes and triglyceride (TG) production by activating the mTOR signaling pathway in BMECs.

Overexpression of GPR41 attenuated glucose production in propionate-induced bovine hepatocytes.

Bovine liver mainly utilizes the propionate as a gluconeogenic substrate to synthesize the glucose. However, the mechanism underlying the regulatory effects of propionate on the glucose production in bovine hepatocytes remains less known. Previous studies have demonstrated G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) as receptors for propionate.

Additive Improves Serum Biochemical Parameters and Reproductive Performance in Postpartum Dairy Cows.

The purpose of the study was to assess the recovery, immune function, and breeding efficiency of postpartum dairy cows fed (AM) as a feed additive. The experiment used a completely randomized design. Cows were randomly assigned to two groups: (1) Control group fed total mixed ration (TMR; CON group, = 15); (2) AM group fed TMR and AM (AM group, = 15).

Quercetin Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells by Suppressing TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

Bovine mastitis is one of the most common clinical diseases in dairy cows, causing huge economic losses to the dairy industry. Quercetin is an important flavonoid existing in many food resources, which has attracted widespread attention as a potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. However, the molecular mechanism of quercetin on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) remains unknown.

Effect of the Tea Tree Oil on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Serum Biochemical Indices, and Antioxidant Capacity in Finishing Pigs.

The increased use of antibiotics continues to pose a threat to public health because of the increasing concern of antibiotic residue. Tea tree oil (TTO) is an extract of the Australian plant with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, there is little information on TTO supplementation in the diet of finishing pigs.

Effects of bovine milk and buffalo milk on lipid metabolism in mice.

Buffalo milk contains more polyunsaturated fatty acids than bovine milk. However, it is not clear about the effects of buffalo milk and bovine milk on lipid metabolism. In this study, a mouse model was used to explore the effects of buffalo milk and bovine milk on lipid metabolism in mice.

Partial Substitution of Alfalfa Hay by Stevia () Hay Can Improve Lactation Performance, Rumen Fermentation, and Nitrogen Utilization of Dairy Cows.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of replacing isonitrogenous and isoenergetic basis alfalfa hay (AH) with stevia () hay in dairy cow diets on nutrient digestion, milk performance, rumen fermentation, and nitrogen (N) utilization. In this study, 24 healthy Holstein lactating dairy cattle with a similar milk yield of 33.70 ± 2.

Phloretin Protects Bovine Rumen Epithelial Cells from LPS-Induced Injury.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin that induces immune and inflammatory responses in the rumen epithelium of dairy cows. It is well-known that flavonoid phloretin (PT) exhibits anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity. The aim of this research was to explore whether PT could decrease LPS-induced damage to bovine rumen epithelial cells (BRECs) and its molecular mechanisms of potential protective efficacy.

Protective Roles of Sodium Butyrate in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Bovine Ruminal Epithelial Cells by Activating G Protein-Coupled Receptors 41.

This study aimed to evaluate whether sodium butyrate (SB) attenuates the ruminal response to LPS-stimulated inflammation by activating GPR41 in bovine rumen epithelial cells (BRECs). We examined the SB regulation of GPR41 and its impact on LPS-induced inflammation using GPR41 knockdown BRECs. The LPS-induced BRECs showed increases in the expression of genes related to pro-inflammation and decreases in the expression of genes related to tight junction proteins; these were attenuated by pretreatment with SB.

Effects of Buffalo Milk and Cow Milk on Lipid Metabolism in Obese Mice Induced by High Fat.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of buffalo milk and cow milk on lipid metabolism in obese mice. Milk composition analysis showed fat, protein, and total solid content in buffalo milk was higher than cow milk, while the lactose content of buffalo milk was lower than cow milk. After milk metabolite extraction and LC-MS/MS analysis, differential metabolites were mainly enriched in "linoleic acid metabolism pathways," "pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathways," and "metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 pathways.

Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Inflammatory Response on Holstein Growing Cattle Treated with Low and High Non-Fibrous Carbohydrate to Neutral Detergent Fiber Ratio Pelleted Total Mixed Ration.

Twenty-four healthy castrated male Holstein growing cattle, with similar body weight (301 ± 11.5 kg), were enrolled in this study and randomly allocated into two groups (12/pen). Holstein growing cattle in the LPT (low NFC/NDF pelleted TMR) group were fed basal pelleted TMR with a low NFC/NDF ratio (NFC/NDF = 1.

The Role of Tea Tree Oil in Alleviating Palmitic Acid-Induced Lipid Accumulation in Bovine Hepatocytes.

Tea tree oil (TTO) plays an important role in lipid metabolism, alleviating the inflammatory responses. Fatty liver is associated with lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, leading to inflammation. However, there is very limited information on the effects of TTO on lipid accumulation, and inflammation in bovine hepatocytes.

Histidine Promotes the Glucose Synthesis through Activation of the Gluconeogenic Pathway in Bovine Hepatocytes.

Histidine (His) is considered to be the first-limiting amino acid (AA) on grass silage-based diets in lactation cows, which correlate positively with lactose yield. The higher glucose requirements of lactating cows can be met through a combination of increased capacity for gluconeogenesis and increased supply of gluconeogenic precursors. However, the effect of His on the expression of gluconeogenic genes in the bovine hepatocytes is less known.